online data entry business

online business

2009-03-09T08:25:00.004-07:00

Outsource Microfilm Scanning

Every business needs to focus on maximizing customer satisfaction. One way to do this is by outsourcing all non-functional work such as microfilm scanning projects to a specialized vendor. This helps the business divert precious resources to more value creating tasks.Outsource2india leverages sophisticated technology to provide microfilm scanning services to global organizations. Leveraging our services helps you get best in class results at minimized costs. We are committed to providing customized solutions that fit your exact requirements.

Many businesses use microfilms to archive documents for future use. However, this method has many drawbacks. It is difficult to access a specific document on a microfilm. In addition, only one person can use the film at a time. By scanning and converting the microfilm into an electronic format, you can make information versatile and readily accessible. This data can also be shared among multiple users.

Outsource2india handles different microfilm formats that include:16 mm microfilm,35mm microfilm, Microfilm cartridges, Aperture cards. When you outsource microfilm scanning services to us, you can turnaround huge volumes of work within tight deadlines. In addition, with us taking care of the non-functional areas, you can divert your precious resources towards creating better goods and services for your end customers. Adopting this strategy can help you survive in an increasingly competitive environment.

Benefits of outsourcing microfilm scanning:

Access to trained personnel and sophisticated technology: When you outsource micro film scanning services to us, you get access to trained personnel that can help you turn around a huge volume of work within tight deadlines. In addition, when you outsource microfilm scanning projects to us, you gain access to superior infrastructure and the latest equipment. The synergy created by trained personnel using the latest technology assures you of superior results, Access to professional management: When you outsource microfilm scanning work to us, you also get access to our managerial talent pool. Our dedicated managers establish appropriate communication rhythms to ensure transparency. In addition, they work with operational teams to ensure that quality results are delivered in a timely manner, Assurance of quality: When you outsource microfilm scanning services to us, you are assured of great service at every stage. We use a rigorous Quality Control (QC) process to ensure that the final output meets your expectations

Outsource2india believes in working as a partner with its customers. At the start of every relationship, we work to understand your overall business process. This helps us provide tailor-made solutions that fit your exact needs. It also gives us insights into your business and helps provide suggestions to further improve parts of your process.

online business

2009-03-09T08:25:00.003-07:00

XML Conversion

Data Entry Services India provides professional XML data conversion services. With assistance from our conversion techniques you can now prepare any content or document to be delivered securely over the internet. We offer techniques for accurate XML conversion so that you can easily share documents with as many people as you want or even use the XML document to be used as an electronic distribution point that can be accessed by various people. Using documents converted into XML can prove to be beneficial in many ways. It not only gives you the ability to distribute or publish documents on the web or even copy to CD ROMs but also proves to be a cost saving technique.

Professionals working at our organization can offer you quick, reliable and accurate XML conversion services. The procedure of creating a tool for XML data conversion may be tedious and highly complex and includes various tagging processes but with our expertise we ensure that it is smooth sailing for our clients. With our experience we can help you overcome barriers like time and expense and increase efficiency to get the desired results.In order to bring to you quality XML conversion services, our team uses reliable and the latest content analysis and conversion tools. This helps us offer fast, accurate and reusable XML conversion solutions at considerable reduced rates. Data Entry Services India offers XML services that include conversion from: Word to XML ,HTML to XML PDF to XML ,Text to XML ,XML to excel ,XML to other file types .We specialize in implementation as well as management of various XML data conversion solutions. The kinds of documents we work on vary significantly from legal documents to articles and complex manuals to online books. If you have any query about our XML conversion services then get in touch with us today. Our pricing plans are extremely reasonable and most competitive as compared to other companies and we ensure quality results within the stipulated turn around time agreed with our clients.

OCR or Optical Character Recognition is a technique that involves translating images of typed text into machine readable text. It also involves converting images or pictures into a standard format like ACII or Unicode that can be easily identified by computers. By using an OCR system, we are able to feed a complete book or magazine, which can be converted into a computer understandable file and can be further edited using a word processor. By hiring our OCR services you can benefit from a wide range of techniques like making data entry faster, more accurate and efficient than ever before. This is much faster than even data entry done through keystroke. OCR offers a better alternative to keyboarding or manual data entry. No matter what be your business aim or requirement, our expertise in the field of OCR services can fetch you faster results at a lower cost.

ICR services: We have the expertise in offering Intelligent Character Reading (ICR) services at very competitive prices. ICR services deals with the conversion of and written text as well as numbers into machine understandable strings or documents. By using ICR technology we can offer solutions to convert any handwritten report into PDF format or word document format. ICR permits data capturing through software tools that can read information from a variety of documents.

online business

2009-03-09T08:25:00.001-07:00

SGML Conversion

Ever since its inception, SGML or Standard Generalized Markup Language is being used liberally in many organizations of today. Key traits like easy to understand and ease of use have contributed towards its significant usage and increasing popularity. Due to its high usage, SGML conversion is also becoming more in demand by most leading companies. SGML is being widely used for storage, management as well as delivery of information and facts about certain products and services. Data Entry Services India is a company that you can rely upon if your require professional SGML conversion services or techniques for text to SGML conversion. We specialize in the implementation and management of small to large complex SGML conversion solutions, which enable businesses, and small to large setups to deliver and access information effortlessly.

Depending on your business or individual requirement we would work on the following: Perform an analysis of data and information ,Develop certain specifications for SGML conversion ,Install SGML processing software tools ,Validate and Quality Check software tools as implemented for accuracy. Our SGML Conversion services encompass the following: Documenting technical manuscripts ,SGML to html conversion for web publishing ,Text to SGML conversion for storage purposes on CD ROMs or DVDs ,Other documents created in different software packages into SGML ,We use latest technology and the proven methodology to accomplish SGML conversion results, ensuring that there is complete integrity of data and nothing is lost while the conversion process.Why not outsource your SGML conversion projects to us? We offer reasonable prices for all kinds of projects and you can benefit from substantial savings. To know more about our conversion procedures approach us or get in touch with us today

CAD conversion: helps many organizations in benefiting by cutting costs, effective drawing and designing as well as overall management. We help our clients to outsource CAD conversion projects to us and ensure desired results at reasonable prices.Data Entry Services India has a team of professionals who have significant experience in developing CAD conversion software tools. These tools can help you in achieving quality drawing and designs, better turn around time and higher productivity levels at very low costs for a wide range of projects regardless of their complexities or size.Outsource CAD conversion services to Data Entry Services India . Get advice from our professional workforce who is highly skilled in CAD conversion services and other related data entry services. We ensure what we deliver meet international standards and completely satisfy your business requirements.Accuracy is of prime importance when it comes to offering quality CAD conversion services. We are capable of rectifying any drawing to exactly match desired specifications and dimensions. What’s more, we can help create for you blueprints and other drafts that would be most accurate and easily acceptable from all standards.

We have high degree of expertise in a wide range of CAD conversions. From maps and architectural drawings to site plans and technical drawings we can produce conversion solutions for anything and everything. Being highly proficient in CAD conversion we can also produce files in GIS format, which would include AutoCAD and other latest CAD software tools.

online business

2009-03-09T08:24:00.002-07:00

Survey Processing

If you want to get a better idea of the market or how your product or service rank among customers then the best way to know is by conducting surveys. We offer professional survey processing services to enable you to get an accurate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the product you have launched or are about to launch. This further helps you to make improvements to your new product with better chances of launching a successful product in the market. A survey is a very simple and cost effective technique to help you get a better idea of what your customers want and desire. We at Data Entry Services do survey analysis and have several years of experience in providing survey processing services and can help you deliver successful results that your business can rely upon. For the success of your business, we offer a wide range of survey processing services including design and development of questionnaires, reports, presentations, survey data analysis etc.

We offer several ways to help you gather accurate data based on which you can make accurate and precise interpretations and take better decisions for your business. Our survey processing services include the following: Creating surveys from scratch Designing surveys that work , Performing data entry jobs based on gathered information through surveys ,Statistical reporting ,Accurate scanning of your survey .

We offer comprehensive and reliable techniques that work. What you can benefit from is competitive edge over others and cost cutting and time saving techniques. Professionals working at Data Entry Services India best understand how successful survey analysis can work. We can assist you in every possible way in developing a highly interactive survey along with reliable survey reports. We can undertake the development of any survey regardless of size and data that has to be extracted from it. So, if you want a successful survey created for yourself then why wait any longer. Get in touch with us today to know more about our survey processing services.

Data cleansing :is an important and a vital step performed after data in various forms has been collected from several sources. Our data cleansing solutions help in detecting errors as well as inconsistency in data, remove buds as appropriate and help to improve the overall quality and reliability of the end data information to be delivered to the client. Our data cleansing services involves multiple processes and procedures through which data is thoroughly cleansed and a number of errors are eradicated then and there. This allows us to deliver quality and accurate information, records as well as reports to clients, which they can depend upon. We aim to reduce errors and unnecessary costs in all possible ways. Cleaning customer databases can be a huge challenge at times and that is why you require services from a professional data cleansing company like us. We are capable enough to help you cleanse customer records, verify data and get rid of duplications. We can also take care of incorrect entered data, combine similar data or information and link various data sources into one. This would enable you to find accurate information in minimum time thus increasing your work efficiency and reducing undesired costs.

online business

2009-03-09T08:24:00.001-07:00

Image Data Entry

The concept of image data entry has picked up drastically over the past couple of years. Many companies are outsourcing image entry services to companies across the world as it requires professional attention and can be done while saving overhead costs. Data Entry Services India is a fast emerging outsourcing company in India, which offers a wide spectrum of data and image entry services. From data processing, high end data entry, data conversion to image data entry and image scanning, we are a leading Data and Image Entry Company.

image entry services include the following features: Data entry and scanning of images ,Image capturing and editing ,Keying or entering images in excel sheets or databases ,Image cropping ,High speed image data entry .At Data Entry Services India, we manage both online and offline image entry services. We are proficient enough to handle projects of any size. We also perform certain other activities like image clipping, scaling, quality enhancing and editing. By outsourcing your projects to our Image Entry Company you can benefit by saving costs, cutting overheads and increase in work efficiency. You can get quality work at cost effective rates and that too in minimum time. We ensure complete client satisfaction and ensure we work as per your given guidelines.

Insurance Claim entry: Data Entry Services India offers a wide range of insurance claim data entry solutions ranging from processing of online and offline forms, claim entry and other data services related to insurance claim. Insurance claim entry is a procedure through which a person can file a claim and get benefits in the event when any damage has occurred to any of his valuables. Insurance claim entry also involves an application through which the person can claim insurance money. Depending upon various circumstances and the agreement signed the insurance company may or may not approve of the claim. When it comes to providing dependable insurance claim data entry services we are a name you can trust. We deliver high end quality data entry services for insurance companies thus enabling them to take care of claims with ease. We take care of processes related to insurance claim entry like processing of forms as well as taking care of payments. This allows insurance companies to save on time, efforts and money.

By providing effective insurance claim entry services, insurance companies can study different situations effortlessly and come to a conclusion if a payout is valid or not. We take care of each and every step involved while a claim is filed so that our insurance clients can get the accurate data to analyze the case and decide viability on the claim made. As with any other service, we also ensure accuracy and quality of all our insurance claim data entry services. We have the right kind of experts who can take care of various details and can ensure no information is missed out. Our insurance claim services ensure that you do not miss out on errors and benefit from better efficiency, customer service and accurate results. We follow strict timelines and ensure that we deliver your insurance data entry services within the agreed time phase. Get in touch with our professionals and learn more if you have any query about insurance claim entry services.

online business

2009-03-09T08:23:00.002-07:00

Check Processing

Data Entry Services India is a professional check processing company and has an expertise to provide reliable check processing services to take care of different business needs of small to large financial institutes, banks and a wide range of other investment companies. Our check processing outsourcing services are perfectly aimed to offer banks and financial institutions a competitive advantage in the global market. We offer consistent and efficient check processing services at half the cost of what you might spend if you get the same done in your in house premises.

Benefits of hiring our check processing services:Save time and efforts: Our clients can better utilize their time and efforts as we can take care of all check processing activities. This helps our clients to focus more on their strengths and build their business up by increasing efforts on sales and customer servicing.Reduce both costs and processing fees: Save considerable amounts of money as we offer processing services at low rates. Almost a 50% reduction of cost is certain if you use our check processing outsourcing services.Reduce chances of fraud and risks: We scan each and every check to ensure there is complete accuracy. This reduces the chances of any fraud or even risks. No need of any investment: With our check processing services there is any need for you to invest any amount of money on your infrastructure. We have set up a state-of-the-art processing center, which will take care of all your needs most efficiently and effectively.

The strategy that we have adopted for check processing enables merchants to adopt more payment options and rely more on automate processing which in return enhance sales figures and bring down costs as well as risks significantly. Our check processing services help meet check clearing timelines thus making it more convenient for customers and clients by reducing their waiting period.

We have completely tailored made our processing techniques as to best meet your business requirements and personal needs. We have highly experienced individuals working with us who can offer valuable support all the time. Data Entry Services India values its relationships with clients who bear their trust with us when it comes to dependable check processing services..

Offline Data Entry: Whether it’s online or offline data entry service, outsourcing is being encouraged by most companies of today. By outsourcing online or offline data entry services most companies benefit from low overhead costs, high work efficiencies and can manages their business well without worrying about data entry activities. The concept of offline data entry has been in existence for many years now. It is the process of keying in data or raw details to a specific database or even a word processor. This is done based upon certain specifications laid down by the client as per the specifics of the project and without using any internet facility. We have a dedicated team data entry professionals who are experienced enough to perform any offline data entry services with ease. Data entry experts working with us can key in data in any kind of database as provided by our client or even in a word processor most accurately and with fast turnaround time.

online business

2009-03-09T08:23:00.001-07:00

Excel Data Works

These days, many companies will outsource their data entry jobs because it is becoming more cost-effective to do so. They are looking for Excel experts to gather, process and organize vast amounts of data that they collect on a daily basis. Not only does it free up valuable time that the company can use to focus on their core processes, but many businesses have large volumes of data that are difficult to store and manage.

As a spreadsheet and data storage software program, Microsoft Excel is an important part of the business and data management process in many organizations. For people who are interested in Excel data entry, most jobs will consist of online copying, pasting, editing, sorting, and indexing of information for data capture, catalog data entry, survey data entry and online form data entry. Jobs and contracts can be found by searching freelance job bidding sites. These sites post multiple opportunities in various industries.

If you are particularly good at creating Excel templates and working forms in the program, you could consider custom-designing and selling templates to different industries. For example you could create a template for Marketing, where a company could copy and paste entries from phone and industry directory websites into a sheet and create automated prospect lists. Or, you could design financial spreadsheets for local Accounting firms.

A lot of different companies may need a professional to create online processes for collecting and organizing web-based timesheets that manage employee time and projects online. Smaller businesses and practices don't have dedicated staff to create and manage their information, so they look to outsource their processing and form creation. If you catch their attention by offering customized templates, you just might land the data entry job as well.

If you think would like a career in data entry, but you are not confident in your Excel skills, the proper training course can show you how to take your spreadsheets to the limits. A training course can illustrate the database and conditional formatting functions, as well as demonstrate many techniques that can reduce errors. The software offers built-in tutorials designed to get you started, or you can find many websites that offer print and video tutorials on the program.

The faster and more skilled you become the more jobs you will be able to take on to increase your income. Be sure to research and document the appropriate, competitive rate structures for your time. Work from home data entry jobs can be paid by the project, or by the page, depending upon you own preferences and the expectations of your clients.

As one of the most economical types of home business, many people who perform data entry simply make a work space in their home and begin establishing a profitable data entry business. Although there is the ongoing cost of the internet service, maintenance of computer equipment, and upgrading of necessary programs, the only additional things that you need are knowledge, adaptable skills, time, and your imagination.

online business

2009-03-09T08:22:00.002-07:00

Part Time Jobs

I like to work in my part time in online but I am searching more and more details about online business solution in blogs and forums. Most of the time I could not find real ideas about jobs online but I am getting some experience about online business. I am not having much experience in online business but I am trying to improve my basic knowledge about this. Still I am searching about online business in blogs and forum everday. Because I just want to get more details about part time work and it will be giving me a big boost to get more free online money making ideas.

Sometimes, I fail to get proper details about online on because of the irrelevant content blogs and forums is wasting my time. Also I have experienced two way one is how to search about real online jobs and another one is How to avoid irrelevant content when am I searching about online business? I am just reading more blogs to get more details about part time work everyday and every hour. So that I got more experience about online business solution now.

What is Part Time work in Jobs Online? and How to work at home in part time? This is the two questions to get more experience to the people who are all very much interested to work in part time. The first questions answer is all the online working people are searching about online business in Google, Yahoo, and Msn. Normally people are working in online through affiliate programs or ad publishing program or Date Entry jobs in Freelance. How to search the real work in online? You should search real affiliate program or Data Entry jobs will be giving you the best online business opportunity.

Most of the people doesn't know about How to work at home in part time? The answer is very simple that is, 'you should plan for working in online thorugh any one of this, Affiliate program, ad publishing program, or Data Entry Jobs or Freelance work.

Most of the people wants to work in their part time for getting free money through online. So all the people are very much interested to work in online in part time so more the results of people increase the percentage of part time work through online. Google Adsense and Google Adwords are getting more results from creating website and work in part time to get more free money through Pay per click system.

Pay per click income is giving you the best money through Google Adsense, Click bucks, Bidvertiser, Adbrite, Axill ads, and more pay per click system are giving more money for the website publishers. Google adwords is the advertisers to be advertised their ads and getting more traffic to their websites to reach their goal.

Part time jobs are giving you the best online money earning planning through affiliate program also. More affiliate programs are scamming the people and they are all fack and they are not giving money to the referral link people. But some of the genuine people in affiliate program like Google Adsense, Bidvertiser, Adbrite, money cosmos, affiliate junction, to get more money in your part time.

online business

2009-03-09T08:22:00.001-07:00

HTML Conversions

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) has been one of the most widely used document formats since the internet revolution. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a language for presenting information in which text, images, sounds or actions become linked in a non-sequential manner that permits the user to browse through related topics without taking the order in which they are presented. HTML is one of the markup languages designed for making web pages. Most documents in WWW are written by using HTML that delivers information in a format-oriented basis. This data conversion service is essential where extremely intricate amorphous data in various bewildered formats need to be prearranged in an organized manner for instant access at any given point of time through the Internet / Intranet.

If you are looking for accurate and cost-effective HTML conversion services, then Data Entry Help will be a perfect destination for execution of your sizeable and intricate HTML conversion projects for document management, retrieval and archiving. We have years of experience in HTML conversion and can prepare your content for delivery via the Internet and for electronic distribution, by converting it into structured electronic formats like HTML. We have a team of HTML conversion experts who can handle large volumes and process this data conversion work in more professional way by executing any complex input project into standard quality output work providing the client a sense of comfort and satisfaction. Our HTML conversion service is designed to support organizations engaged in improving their Document Management & can help their business to reach out to more customers across the world by delivering your information via the Internet.

The Conversions Are PDF to HTML Conversion/HTML to PDF conversion ,HTML color conversion ,HTML to PowerPoint conversion ,HTML to adobe acrobat conversion ,Text to HTML Conversion/HTML to Text Conversion ,Paper to HTML conversion ,Ms-Word to HTML conversion ,HTML to MS word, MS excel ,HTML pages into ASCII text HTML to XML conversion ,HTML to TIFF conversion ,HTML to JPEG conversion HTML to GIF conversion ,HTML to PNG conversion ,HTML to XHTML conversion HTML to RTF conversion/RTF to HTML Conversion

Catalog Building and Indexing :Our catalog conversion professionals have great experience in their respective fields. They can easily understand the needs of online buyers and put your paper catalogue to proper online categories and sub-categories. Our precise and professional catalog building and indexing services can enhance your online presence in the web.

Catalog Processing Services :It has been proved that the success of business e-commerce. So online presence is a very vital part of your business. We will enhance, retouch, edit or crop the images of your services or products and make your online catalogs aesthetically attractive. By removing backgrounds, adding effects, increasing the brightness or decreasing the saturation level of the images, we can transform the images of your services or products into attractive images.

online business

2009-03-09T08:21:00.003-07:00

PDF Conversion

Many companies now wish to publish their documentation to the web, intranet or on CD-ROM to their clients. Both Adobe Acrobat PDF and HTML format files are widely used to do this. Data Entry Help specializes in PDF conversion projects. We at Data Entry Help undertake the conversion of data from one format to another W e can convert your PDF documents to any format or we can easily convert paper documents into compact, searchable portable files whilst fully retaining the format, structure and layout of the original PDF document including columns, tables and graphics ready for publishing on the internet using the latest scanning and imaging technology, data processors & adobe tools.

Images can also be extracted from PDF documents to any standard image format and reused for other purposes. At Data Entry Help we can transform your paper based documents, electronic documents. MS Word (doc)files, rtf files, html files, xls. Files) or image files (till, tif or jpeg) easy-to-use, accessible and searchable PDF files in a convenient, inexpensive & most efficient manner. By outsourcing PDF conversion work to Data Entry Help you are ensured with superior quality, quick turnaround time and accuracy. Paper to Adobe PDF Conversion ,PageMaker to PDF ,HTML, XML to Adobe PDF Conversion ,Tiff, Jpeg, Gif or any graphic format to Adobe PDF Conversion ,Text & Graphics formatted Adobe PDF Creation ,MS-Word, Word Perfect or RTF to Adobe PDF Conversion .PDF files can be transmitted directly to clients via high-speed FTP connections that are securely maintained including Virtual Private Networks or we can promptly return the samples in PDF form as an e-mail attachment

XML conversion : XML , also know as “Extensive Mark-up Language” is a cross-platform web-publishing format used by a number of organizations to display and store information on the internet. . Therefore XML come to a new making of web based data viewing. XML generates a structured ranking for returning results to the browser. It is also called meta-language, which means that it can describe other languages. XML is software to read documents to provide access to their content. This facilitates exact talking of content and more meaningful search results across multiple platforms. The main idea of XML is to separate a presentation and content. XML is a best way to store and represent any data in a highly flexible and structured way. XML is neutral, flexible and easier to handle for data exchange . XML documents are designed for use by XML processors. XML processor has a component called the XML that analyses XML markup and determines the structure of the document data.

Book Conversion: Basically an E-book is a collection of similar topic content in electronic form. E-book is very cost effective marketing tool to generate brand awareness. in the Internet Market & helps to attract huge amount of search engines visitors to your web site and enhance the visibility on web. Data Entry Help India is a professional conversion service provider company have been providing quality, reliable and cost effective solution for book conversion to format your ebooks for many years for both Indian and global clients.

online business

2009-03-09T08:21:00.001-07:00

Forms Processing

Forms processing involves extracting information from structured or customized forms, faxes and scanned images and updating it on a range of outputs. We handle all kinds of forms from invoices, sales, purchase orders, tax statements, credit card applications, medical or insurance claims, market research forms, any online form processing and many other types. These forms are scanned and converted into electronic format using our in-house software. We deals with both structured and non structured versions of Form Processing. The tabular form or structured forms are relatively easy to process. Non-structured forms are questionnaires or survey forms. Your specific requirements help us decide the tools to be used for form processing. This can also be done using manual data entry methods.

A step by step guide to the process makes it simpler: Secure Document Handling: The forms are mostly electronically transmitted. These are scanned and are made available at client's secure FTP server, form where we download these images for onward processing. Corresponding images are then loaded into the customized software Depending on the requirements, a data base is created and the fields added are as per the needs of the client Impeccable accuracy: For each forms processing job, we work with the customer to create a process that insures high quality - we often use double-keying with an interface customized to the forms processing job, which delivers greater than 99.95% accuracy. The data in the database is compared The data in the database is verified and the entire process goes through a quality check before being dispatched. We can provide output in a wide range of format. Some of the typical formats in which we can deliver the data are: Excel Format (*.xls) ,Word Format (*.doc) ,Acrobat Portable Document Format (*.pdf) ,Text Format (*.txt, *.rtf) ,Microsoft Access (*.mdb) CSV Format (*.csv),HTML format .

Insurance Claim Entry is the actual application given to the insurance company for claiming maximum benefits in times of damage to valuables or to recover expenses incurred for hospital treatment. While filing claims people would submit an official written document to insurance companies so that huge monetary losses can be covered. After submitting the claim, the insurance company may check whether your claim is reasonable. Depending upon the assessment of circumstances, the insurance provider may or may not approve your claim. Processing the claims is necessary without which, policyholders would not be covered for any damage occurred.

Data cleansing - also called as data scrubbing - is a process of detecting and removing and/or amending the errors, inconsistencies & abbreviations in a database ( part and material files, product catalog files, and item information etc) that could be incorrect, redundant, out-of-date, incomplete, improperly formatted or duplicated to improve its quality. Organizations can transform and combine disparate data, remove inaccuracies, standardize on common values, parse values and cleanse dirty data to create consistent, reliable information and help reduce unnecessary costs wastage. An organization in a data-intensive field like banking, insurance, retailing, telecommunications and transportation might use a data scrubbing tool to systematically examine data for flaws by using rules, algorithms, and look-up tables.

online business

2009-03-09T08:20:00.003-07:00

BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) means delegating the ownership, administration, and operation of a process to a third party. BPO is about solving a business problem. BPO aims to raise a client company’s shareholder value because it is about delivering outcomes—that is, higher-performing business processes. Companies essentially have three kinds of processes: core processes (which give strategic advantage), critical, non-core processes (which are important but are not competitive differentiators), and non-core, non-critical processes (which are needed to make the environment work). Few advisors suggest outsourcing core processes; they recommend investing in them. Many do recommend outsourcing critical, non-core processes to providers who specialize in those processes because they will invest in them and aim to make them world-class. And most advisors recommend outsourcing all non-core, non-critical processes. However, outsourcing does not mean handing over an entire process. It generally means turning over to a BPO provider the “how” aspects of a process—the systems, infrastructure, administration, execution, and some of the design of non-core processes. The company retains the “what” aspects of the process—the governance, policy-setting, decision making, and strategy of these processes. The intent is to outsource the execution of a process while retaining the direction-setting part.

Transaction providers handle a single process (such as payroll), at their sites and with their people. They are accountable for the transactions only, and they are paid per transaction. This form of outsourcing is easiest to manage, but it can also fragment operations because different pieces are handled by different providers. Niche providers handle several processes (such as employment, which includes hiring and staffing). They may work at their site (or the company’s) and they may take on some of company’s staff. They are accountable for the outcomes of those processes (such as reduced time to hire or lower attrition), so they may be paid based on outcomes.

Comprehensive providers handle the transactional and administrative processes of a function (such as HR). They work globally, they aim to increase process effectiveness, and they are generally paid based on outcomes. This is the newest form of BPO and it involves the most change because the providers introduce new and better practices and processes. Offshore outsourcing is building at a very rapid pace. Outsourcing to India has been successful. Other offshore countries currently include Ireland, Philippines, and Eastern Europe. Near-shore countries include Canada and Mexico. Future countries include Vietnam, Russia and China. Some providers are making heavy investments in education and IT infrastructure in these countries. All are possibilities for back-office work. But companies do need to guard their intellectual property when they outsource, especially offshore.

Successful management means having the appropriate governance model, processes, and skills in place, so that the relationship evolves with the business environment. At the moment, outsourcing end-to-end BPO processes is not for the faint of heart because it does involve transforming processes. But it can also lead to more world-class processes than clients would implement on their own. The goal of BPO is to increase shareholder value. One way to achieve that is to have your A players facing your customers, and your provider’s A players in your back office. Outsourcing is not a one-time event; it is continuous. Companies that outsource one process later outsource another, then another—as their strategies change and new outsourcing options open up. The outsourcing field is thus not slowing down. At the moment, BPO is the driving force, and it is developing fast.

online business

2009-03-09T08:20:00.001-07:00

DATA MIGRATION

Legacy data is the recorded information that exists in your current storage system, and can include database records, spreadsheets, text files, scanned images and paper documents. All these data formats can be migrated to a new system. Data migration is the process of importing legacy data to a new system. This can involve entering the data manually, moving disk files from one folder (or computer) to another, database insert queries, developing custom software, or other methods. The specific method used for any particular system depends entirely on the systems involved and the nature and state of the data being migrated. Data cleansing is the process of preparing legacy data for migration to a new system. Because the architecture and storage method of new or updated systems are usually quite different, legacy data often does not meet the criteria set by the new system, and must be modified prior to migration.

To analyze and define source and target structures, analysis must be performed on the existing system as well as the new system to understand how it works, who uses it, and what they use it for. A good starting point for gathering this information is in the existing documentation for each system. This documentation could take the form of the original specifications for the application, as well as the systems design and documentation produced once the application was completed. Often this information will be missing or incomplete with legacy applications, because there may be some time between when the application was first developed and now. You may also find crucial information in other forms of documentation, including guides, manuals, tutorials, and training materials that end-users may have used. Most often this type of material will provide background information on the functionality exposed to end-users but may not provide details of how the underlying processes work.

For this part of the analysis, you may actually need to review and document the existing code. This may be difficult, depending on the legacy platform. For example, if data are being migrated from an AS/400 application written in RPG, assistance from an experienced RPG programmer will be required, if those skills are not available in-house. This can be an expensive part of the analysis process, because a resource to perform this analysis for you may be necessary, but it is a vital part of the process, especially if the application has been running and maintained over a long period of time. Undocumented code or fixes that are critical to the application and that have not been documented elsewhere may exist.

Another key area to examine is how the data in the system are stored (i.e., in flat files, files, or tables). What fields are included in those files/tables and what indexes are in use? Also, a detailed analysis of any server processes that are running that may be related to the data must be performed (e.g., if a nightly process runs across a file and updates it from another system). Now that the source and target structures are defined, the mapping from the legacy to the target should fall into place fairly easily. Mapping should include documentation that specifically identifies fields from the legacy system mapped to fields in the target system and any necessary conversion or cleansing. Once the analysis and mapping steps are completed, the process of importing the data into the new system must be defined. This process may be a combination of automation and manual processes or may be completely automated or may be completely manual.

online business

2009-03-09T08:19:00.002-07:00

DATA PROCESSING

Data processing is any process that converts data into information. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on an a personal computer or other information system. In this context data is defined as a collection of numbers or characters that represent a measurement from the real world. The measured information has previously been converted to data as discussed below. Information is defined as a meaningful answer to a query. More generally, the term data processing can apply to any process that converts data from one format to another, although data conversion would be the more logical and correct term. From this perspective, data processing becomes the process of converting information into data and also the converting of data back into information. The distinction is that conversion doesn't require a question (query) to be answered.

For Example, information in the form of an string of characters forming a sentence in English is converted or encoded at a keyboard into ASCII code after which it may be more easily processed by a computer and finally converted or decoded to be displayed as characters on the computer display. Practically all naturally occurring processes can be viewed in this context as examples of data processing systems where ""real world"" information in the form of pressure, light, etc. are converted by human observers into electrical signals in the nervous system as the senses we recognise as touch, sound, and vision. Even the interaction of non-living systems may be viewed in this way as rudimentary information processing systems. Softsys Infotek Solutions :One of the data processing companies/ agencies undertake online data processing, offline data processing projects / job works. Softsys also have necessary technical know how to execute outsourced data processing projects and BPO projects/ job works.

Softsys knows that wrong data leads to wrong decisions. Thus take every care that the data, we enter, meets all the validation checks at the operator level. If certain data do not meets the validation requirements, then the source document, is flagged. Again the data supervisor checks the data entered by the operators and pass the data files to the project in-charge and finally, the project in-charge test checks the data for accuracy. Thus we ensure that the data entered/ processed by us, meets the accuracy standard. Even if the client, provide software for data processing then, we develop our own data validation system for ensuring the accuracy of the data and give feedback to the client regarding the discrepancies, if any in the data .

Merchant Account Credit Card Processing Services Payment Processing Services,ord Processing Services,photo Processing, Image Processing, Debit Card Processing Loan Processing, mortgage loan processing, Order Processing, Data Processing of survey forms ,Data Processing of application forms ,Data Processing from images data ,Data Processing of historical data ,Data Processing of accounts data Data Processing of Insurance Claims ,ata Processing of Medical Bills ,ata Processing of HCFA15000 forms ,ata Processing of UB92 ,ata Processing of DENTAL (ADA) forms ,ata Processing of FAT forms ,ata Processing of invoices ,ata Processing of initialization data , Processing of electoral rolls ,ata Processing of Hand written data ,ata Processing of Examination Results Data Processing of electricity bills ,Data Processing of Lottery Prize Winning Tickets Data Processing of Account Receiveables Data Processing of Payables

online business

2009-03-09T08:19:00.001-07:00

Data Entry and Data Processing through OCR

OCR is the recognition of machine printed type faces. OCR recognition technology has improved considerably over the past few years and we have consistently developed the necessary expertise and capacity to take full advantage of this technology. We are one of the few OCR companies , who have started using OCR since 1994. It is to our credit of processing about three million images on daily basis and overall about 1200 million images. We strive on quality, and have developed in-house validation and quality control procedures to ensure the highest levels of data output. We have teams of skilled operators and in-house programmers dedicated to OCR processing to maximise not only accuracy but speed and efficient management of the data process.

Data Entry and Data Processing through ICR: ICR standads for intelligent character recognition. It is the technology for recognising hand written characters. ICR is often confused with OCR. OCR is the recognition of machine printed type faces. ICR is able to recognise different human handwriting. It is a technology that has improved considerably over the last 15 years and Softsys has been using the technology for form processing. ICR technology help to process data at higher speed and sometimes the technology is used to as second entry method to increase data accuracy. Data Entry and Data Processing through OMR: OMR, stands for Optical Mark Reader or Optical Mark Recognition. Effectively a technology that scans paper forms and recognises the marks made on the form. Marks are typically made with pencil and read with Infra Red (IR) LEDs although Visible Light (VLR) LEDs are also in used to recognise pen marks. We use OMR technology to process examination forms. Soft sys uses OCR applications or ICR applications and OMR application after identifing the nature of the data and its end uses. Soft sys enter and process following types of data through OCR systems, ICR systems and OMR Systems:

Data entry of survey forms through ICR , Data processing of multiple choices examination answer sheets through OMR ,Data entry of admission forms through ICR , Data entry of insurance claims through ICR ,Data entry of medical bills through OCR and ICR , Data entry of insurance forms through ICR , Data entry from images through OCR , Data entry of Lottery Prize Winning Tickets through OCR Data entry of Railway tickets through OCR , Data entry of Air Tickets through OCR , Data entry of Bus Tickets through OCR , Data entry of Discount Coupons through OCR Data entry of Account Receivable through OCR , Data entry of Account Payable through OCR , PDF conversion through OCR , Books conversion through OCR , Newpapers conversion through OCR , Magazines conversion through OCR

Silent Features of our OCR solutions / ICR Solutions and OMR Solutions :99.995% accuracy ,24 hours turned around time ,Cost effective solutions ,Data entry through OCR, ICR or OMR depending on nature of data ,Scanning of Documents ,Keying of Documents .

online business

2009-03-09T08:18:00.002-07:00

Data Capturing through Scanning

Data Capturing through Barcodes There are many forms of barcodes although they can be separated into two types: 1d and 2d barcodes. 1d barcodes, such as Code 39 or UPC, are the most common and are similar to the one shown above, where a single line through the barcode can read the code. 2d barcodes, such as PDF-417, are rarer and more difficult to read as they are printed in two dimensions and require a full 100% horizontal and vertical scan of the area. There are many ways of encoding a barcode known as a symbology. Symbologies are typically public domain and defined in specifications that define parameters such as the tolerences between bars, the patterns, the interleaving, the start and stop bar patters etc. One of the best resources for details of barcodes and their symbologies is found at barcode-1. allows the encoding of alpha and numeric characters, whereas Code 2 of 5 Interleaved (known as code ITF) allows encoding of numbers only. Soft sys develop customised Stock management and Billing applications to capture data through Bar Code Reader. Such data capturing applications are useful as the data captured through Bar Code Readers increases the data entry speed and accuracy.

Data Capturing from Microfilms: Microfilms were used earlier by many companies and governments as an analog storage medium for books, periodicals, legal documents and engineering drawings. Its most standard form is a roll of black and white 35mm photographic film. Another form, more common for engineering drawings, is a Hollerith punch card that mounts a single exposure. Most microfilm media have a digital indexing system exposed on the edge of each image, but these data are not required to use the microfilm, but rather to support automated retrieval systems.

Micro Film data need to be captured to computer format due to following reasons: Microfilm images are too small to read with the naked eye. Special readers are required to project full-size images on a ground-glass screen or a flat reading surface. A conventional photocopier cannot reproduce the images and a special combined scanner/printer is required. Libraries using microfilm often have a very limited number of these viewers that can produce a photocopy of an image, for a nominal fee. Shelf space is required to maintain an efficient archive as well as a safe and secure storage environment. Microfilms itself can only be reproduced a limited number of times, while digital media regenerate and often include error detection and correction schemes. Searching process is time consuming .

Thus data stored on Micro Films needs to be converted to computer format, so that data can be stored on the computers and databases to increase the life, safety and accessibility of data and productivity of the organization. Reduce storage cost of the data, so that staff deployed for storage and retrieval of data can be employed to some other productive functions of the organization. The silent feature of Soft sys Micro Films data capturing system are as: Using state-of-the-art scanners and image enhancement software producing images often better than the quality of the original film Facility to capture Micro Films data into documents or databases of client's choice Data caputred from MicroFilms is indexed and can be displayed with a simple keystroke and universally accessed via the Internet .

online business

2009-03-09T08:18:00.001-07:00

Port Scanning

Port Scanning is one of the most popular reconnaissance techniques attackers use to discover services they can break into. All machines connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) or Internet run many services that listen at well-known and not so well known ports. A port scan helps the attacker find which ports are available (i.e., what service might be listing to a port). Essentially, a port scan consists of sending a message to each port, one at a time. The kind of response received indicates whether the port is used and can therefore be probed further for weakness. The various techniques used in a port scan are summarized below.

Fragmented packet Port Scan: The scanner splits the TCP header into several IP fragments. This bypasses some packet filter firewalls because they cannot see a complete TCP header that can match their filter rules. Some packet filters and firewalls do queue all IP fragments, but many networks cannot afford the performance loss caused by the queuing.

SYN scan: This technique is also called half-open scanning, because a TCP connection is not completed. A SYN packet is sent (as if we are going to open a connection), and the target host responds with a SYN+ACK, this indicates the port is listening, and an RST indicates a non- listener. The server process is never informed by the TCP layer because the connection did not complete. FIN scan: The typical TCP scan attempts to open connections (at least part way). Another technique sends erroneous packets at a port, expecting that open listening ports will send back different error messages than closed ports. The scanner sends a FIN packet, which should close a connection that is open. Closed ports reply to a FIN packet with a RST. Open ports, on the other hand, ignore the packet in question. This is required TCP behavior.

If no service is listening at the target port, the operating system will generate an error message. If a service is listening, the operating system will silently drop the incoming packet. Therefore, silence indicates the presence of a service at the port. However, since packets can be dropped accidentally on the wire or blocked by firewalls, this isn't a very effective scan. Other techniques that have been used consist of XMAS scans where all flags in the TCP packet are set, or NULL scans where none of the bits are set. However, different operating systems respond differently to these scans, and it becomes important to identify the OS and even its version and patch level.

Bounce Scan: The ability to hide their tracks is important to attackers. Therefore, attackers scour the Internet looking for systems they can bounce their attacks through. FTP bounce scanning takes advantage of a vulnerability of the FTP protocol itself. It requires support for proxy ftp connections. This bouncing through an FTP server hides where the attacker comes from. This technique is similar to IP spoofing in that it hides where the attacker comes from. For example, badwebsitexyz.com establishes a control connection to the FTP server-PI (protocol interpreter) of say, badspiderbites.com, then requests that the server-PI initiate an active server-DTP (data transfer process) to send a file anywhere on the Internet.

online business

2009-03-09T08:16:00.002-07:00

Outsource Data Processing Services to Outsource2india

Do you have large volumes of unorganized data in your organization? You wouldn’t even realize how they slowly start affecting the functioning of your business and distort your decision making. Data processing becomes imperative to bring in accurate information systems into your organization.Outsource2india has a proven track record of handling data and information systems for customers across the world. We can digitize your raw data and transform it into useful information. You can leverage our expertise in handling data processing services. Rest assured that our services will eventually give you insightful data at your finger tips and improve your organizational efficiency.

Data Processing – the automation process at Outsource2india:

It is with an aim to give you the complete benefits of automated data processing that we have designed our processes. The automated data processing cycle at O2I goes through the following steps: Data entry and data scanning, Editing and cleaning of data, Data coding, Data aggregation and summarization, Data validation, Data tabulation and presentation, Statistical data analysis and interpretation. The data processing cycle and service is custom defined to help your data meet its specific objectives. O2I provides the above mentioned processes as standalone services also. We also provide data mining, data extraction and data warehousing services.

Why choose O2I to outsource your data processing requirements?

By outsourcing your data processing services to O2I, here are the benefits that you can leverage:

O2I is a one stop destination for all your data processing and management needs
We can digitize data in a wide range of formats including XML, SGML, XHTML, Math ML, CML, ThML, MS Reader, Adobe, Palm doc, HTML and PDF
We assign our expert resources in data processing and management to handle your project
We can assure accuracy levels as high as 99%
Leverage our services at almost 60% operational cost savings
You get your project done in a quick turnaround of time
Your data is safe and protected by our rigorous information security practices

Outsource data processing services to O2I

Organize, streamline and effectively utilize your data information by outsourcing data processing services to O2I. O2I is a trusted outsourcing destination with a happy client base of more than 750 customers. We can assure you a great outsourcing experience.

online business

2009-03-09T08:16:00.001-07:00

Outsource Document Digitizing Services to Outsource2india

Does your organization want to convert large amount of data into digital formats? If you are looking for document digitizing at a cost-effective price, then you have come to the right place. Outsource2india’s expert document digitizing services can efficiently meet your needs. Document digitization is the process of converting manual documents into digital formats. In the process of document digitizing, any type of document like texts, images, video, business cards or periodicals are digitized and converted into digital formats such as text, html, xml, pdf, doc, xls, gif, jpeg or tiff.The most vital contribution of data digitization is a perpetual preservation of your important documents. Another benefit is that digitized data can also be stored on any media format such as CDs, tapes or Zip disks.

The document digitization service process at Outsource2india: Identification of customer needs - At the very beginning of the process of digitizing documents the need of the customer is thoroughly understood. The main aim of this step is to locate the exact need of the client for data digitizing Collection and alignment of documents - In this phase of data digitization services, the scattered documents are collected from the customer and after removing all the foreign objects like pins, paper clips and threads, the documents are aligned properly, Scanning – In this segment of data digitizing services, aligned documents are scanned and saved as an image files ,Digital transferring - In this stage of digitizing paper documents with the use of Optical character recognition (OCR), the scanned documents or images are converted into text files, Indexing - So as to have an easy retrieve, the documents or data are saved with detailed file names which are termed as indexing the documents, Organizing - In this part, after taking into account the exact requirement of the customer, the documents are organized in separate or combined PDF files, Packaging - In this last phase of document digitization, quality checking is done so as to rectify all the minor errors that might have remained and then the data is taken into a CD. Once proper packaging is complete, the CD is delivered to the customer

How is document digitizing different from scanning services?

Document scanning services is a service that is used to scan the hard copies of documents into scanned images. Document digitizing on the other hand refers to is a process wherein data from newspapers, books, paper documents, business cards, periodicals or image files are converted into digitized data and delivered in any file format such as XML, HTML, PDF, Access, Excel, Word etc. The data can also be delivered in a media file. Whatever be your choice - scanning services or document digitizing, you can count on Outsource2india for accurate, efficient and cost-effective services.

The benefits of data digitizing: Perpetual preservation of all your vulnerable physical documents, Easy storing advantages, Effortless duplication of data, Quick and easy retrieval, Easy access, Easy transportation, Easy to share, Makes data compatible with all modes of digital data transfer.

online business

2009-03-09T08:15:00.004-07:00

MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION

When the patient visits a doctor, the doctor spends time with the patient discussing his medical problems, including past history and/or problems. The doctor performs a physical examination and may request various laboratory or diagnostic studies; will make a diagnosis or differential diagnoses, then decides on a plan of treatment for the patient, which is discussed and explained to the patient, with instructions provided. After the patient leaves the office, the doctor uses a voice-recording device to record the information about the patient encounter. This information may be recorded into a hand-held cassette recorder or into a regular telephone, dialed into a central server located in the hospital or transcription service office, which will 'hold' the report for the transcriptionist.

This report is then accessed by a medical transcriptionist, it clearly received as a voice file or cassette recording, who then listens to the dictation and transcribes it into the required format for the medical record, and of which this medical record is considered a legal document. The next time the patient visits the doctor, the doctor will call for the medical record or the patient's entire chart, which will contain all reports from previous encounters. The doctor can on occasion refill the patient's medications after seeing only the medical record, although doctors prefer to not refill prescriptions without seeing the patient to establish if anything has changed.

It is very important to have a properly formatted, edited, and reviewed medical transcription document. If a medical transcriptionist accidentally typed a wrong medication or the wrong diagnosis, the patient could be at risk if the doctor (or his designee) did not review the document for accuracy. Both the Doctor and the medical transcriptionist play an important role to make sure the transcribed dictation is correct and accurate. The Doctor should speak slowly and concisely, especially when dictating medications or details of diseases and conditions, and the medical transcriptionist must possess hearing acuity, medical knowledge, and good reading comprehension in addition to checking references when in doubt.

However, some doctors do not review their transcribed reports for accuracy, and the computer attaches an electronic signature with the disclaimer that a report is "dictated but not read". This electronic signature is readily acceptable in a legal sense. The Transcriptionist is bound to transcribe verbatim (exactly what is said) and make no changes, but has the option to flag any report inconsistencies. On some occasions, the doctors do not speak clearly, or voice files are garbled. Some doctors are, unfortunately, time-challenged and need to dictate their reports quickly (as in ER Reports). In addition, there are many regional or national accents and (mis) pronunciations of words the MT must contend with. It is imperative and a large part of the job of the Transcriptionist to look up the correct spelling of complex medical terms, medications, obvious dosage or dictation errors, and when in doubt should "flag" a report. A "flag" on a report requires the dictator (or his designee) to fill in a blank on a finished report, which has been returned to him, before it is considered complete.

Transcriptionists are never, ever permitted to guess, or 'just put in anything' in a report transcription. Furthermore, medicine is constantly changing. New equipment, new medical devices, and new medications come on the market on a daily basis, and the Medical Transcriptionist needs to be creative and to tenaciously research (quickly) to find these new words. An MT needs to have access to, or keep on hand, an up-to-date library to quickly facilitate the insertion of a correctly spelled device, procedure, or medication dictated.

online business

2009-03-09T08:15:00.003-07:00

DATA MININING

Overview :

Generally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.

Continuous Innovation :Although data mining is a relatively new term, the technology is not. Companies have used powerful computers to sift through volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market research reports for years. However, continuous innovations in computer processing power, disk storage, and statistical software are dramatically increasing the accuracy of analysis while driving down the cost.

For example, one Midwest grocery chain used the data mining capacity of oracle software to analyze local buying patterns. They discovered that when men bought diapers on Thursdays and Saturdays, they also tended to buy beer. Further analysis showed that these shoppers typically did their weekly grocery shopping on Saturdays. On Thursdays, however, they only bought a few items. The retailer concluded that they purchased the beer to have it available for the upcoming weekend. The grocery chain could use this newly discovered information in various ways to increase revenue. For example, they could move the beer display closer to the diaper display. And, they could make sure beer and diapers were sold at full price on Thursdays.

Data, Information, and Knowledge Data: Data are any facts, numbers, or text that can be processed by a computer. Today, organizations are accumulating vast and growing amounts of data in different formats and different databases. This includes: operational or transactional data such as, sales, cost, inventory, payroll, and accounting, nonoperational data, such as industry sales, forecast data, and macro economic data ,meta data - data about the data itself, such as logical database design or data dictionary definitions

Information: The patterns, associations, or relationships among all this data can provide information. For example, analysis of retail point of sale transaction data can yield information on which products are selling and when.

Knowledge:

Information can be converted into knowledge about historical patterns and future trends. For example, summary information on retail supermarket sales can be analyzed in light of promotional efforts to provide knowledge of consumer buying behavior. Thus, a manufacturer or retailer could determine which items are most susceptible to promotional efforts.

online business

2009-03-09T08:15:00.001-07:00

THE EVOLUTION OF ONLINE DATA ENTRY

Data Entry Made Easy is one of the original and best-known data entry programs available on the net. As with many successful programs on the web,competitivemarketers trying to ride on the backs of its success have scrutinized it for self-gain. Having said that though, I never become over seduced by a product’s past success because to me the most important issue is to provide accurate information on the best work at home products available today. That way I am providing you with the simplest and most relevant path to success.

The reason I say this is because in my research I have come across a leading edge data entry program that contains the core ingredients that has made Data Entry Made Easy a success, but then goes far beyond that to provide a program that is simpler to understand, is wider in scope, and contains many more tools to assist its members.

This Program is simply called my data team. The reason the name is so vague is because it covers many data entry avenues. Having multiple streams of income is a diversified way to not only survive, but also thrive in these trying times. my data team’s multiple revenue streams are divided into 4 different divisions within the program: traditional data entry, global data entry, data entry research, and home typing data entry.

The traditional data entry division has been around for 7 years and provides the latest data entry jobs listed by companies that appreciate the cost savings realized when using work at home employees. These job listings will be sent in real time directly to your email.The global data entry division is the most popular and consists of training on the easiest ways to generate revenue quickly. This division is similar to what other data entry program offer but with additional guidance and a ‘Support Until You Succeed’ system to assist you in achieving your particular goals.

The data entry research division centers on how to make money doing research assignments and taking part in focus groups. The fourth division, home typing data entry focuses on earning income by posting information to different resource areas on the Internet and creating publications and content for company’s web sites.

Included in the my data team program is free software valued at over $300 that complements the support tools to guide you in the right direction. So as you can see there are plenty of areas in which to make as much as you desire if you decide to apply your efforts to this program. Every other program I have read about, tried or reviewed (and there have been too many) only covers one of the four divisions that my data team has.The membership price is usually $99 but for my readers who visit my data entry from any links on this page will receive a 50 percent discount. It does have an honored 60 day money back guarantee, so if you’re not making as much as you’d expect (unlikely) you can return the program for a complete refund.

online business

2009-03-09T08:14:00.001-07:00

Out Sourcing

History of Outsourcing - Many organizations today are making the decision to outsource. In today’s global marketplace outsourcing has made itself accessible to many organizations on a national and international level. Outsourcing refers to getting things done from out - house instead of getting them done in - house. History of outsourcing is as old as the history of mankind. Since the individual started to form groups, small communities, and societies, the outsourcing began. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labor, capital, technology and resources. Fundamentally outsourcing is a term relative to the organization of labor within and between societies.

Outsourcing - Outsourcing involves transferring or sharing management control and / or decision - making of a business function to an outside supplier, which involves a degree of two - way information exchange, coordination and trust between the outsourcer and its client. Such a relationship between economic entities is qualitatively different from traditional relationships between buyer and seller of services in that the economic entities involved in an "outsourcing" relationship dynamically integrate and share management control of the labor process rather than enter in contracting relationships where both entities remain separate in the coordination of the production of goods and services. Business segments typically outsourced include information technology, human resources, facilities and real estate management, and accounting. Many companies also outsource customer support and call center functions.

Benefits of Outsourcing – Outsourcing, as the term is typically used in economics, is not necessarily a job destroyer but rather a process of job relocation and may not impact the net number of jobs in a nation or in the global economy. Outsourcing is also successful in increasing product quality and / or substantially lowering firm and consumer costs (e.g., increases the quality to cost ratio). Because outsourcing allows for lower costs, even if quality reduces slightly, this is sometimes the case, productivity increases, which benefits the economy in the aggregate. Two of the major advantages that today’s organizations can expect to obtain through outsourcing include the ability to purchase intellectual capital and to lower costs. Overall outsourcing is viewed for its. Overall outsourcing is viewed by many organizations as a strong business tactic that ultimately is a superior economical approach to developing products and services or rather a process of job relocation with a basic need of improving the bottom line of the concern company. Outsourcing can also present advantages to "Developing" countries and benefits from the patronage of companies that outsource to them - in terms of increased wages, job prestige, education and quality of life. Outsourcing is a form of international trade.

Data's which require you to be online i.e to be connected to internet for work just form entry is known as online. We have jobs based on online. Online Data Entry Job is the latest newcomers to the internet market. These best options for National & International companies to get Outsourched their work in time with better quality & at reasonable rate. these companies are more concerned with quality of the work submitted by clients like us. Just because this company has a better presentation. This program will give you the foundation to become a success online, but may give you a limited understanding of internet Marketing. There are many places online where people post their data entry, typing, form entry, Proof reading & copy past requirements. All you have to do is bid what price you want to do the job and if your price is suitable you get the job its that sample. Once you get some recognition at such places, request just start pouring in. The only investment required is a small fee to register with the company.

online business

2009-03-09T08:13:00.000-07:00

Content Editing Job Off-line Data Entry Job Proof Reading Job:-

Introduction:-There are more India's company are going to selling the E-Book through internet. Now days the Online Business is growing in India very fast. So we are start the offline Data Entry Content/ Document editing / Proof Reading Job. The basic work is typing in Ms-Word & correction the mistake word.

As a data proofreader, you will get assignment to read through manuscripts and Websites to look for grammar and spelling errors. You will be proofreading the following. Dissertations, Essays, Research reports, Applications Novels, Short stories, Screenplays, Scripts, Articles, Books, Manuscripts, Proposals, Business plans, Presentations, Advertising copies, press releases, Newsletters, Resumes, Cover letters, Dating profiles, Personal statements, Website text, Auto responders, Forms and letters....

If you have good grammar and spelling, this is a great opportunity. You can make very good money doing this type of work all in the comfort of your own home. Out of all the programs I offer, this is the only one that will requires testing and certification. I can help you to get certified. After you are certified the opportunities are endless and pay from Rs.8/- to 12/- INR per assignment for online and off-line proofreading opportunities. Pay will vary depending whether you work off-line.

Though most people are confident using computers and software such as Microsoft Word and Works to spell and grammar check articles, books, newspapers, magazines, course work, leaflets, pamphlets, instruction manuals, etc there is still a demand for work from home proofreaders and copy editors. This work involves checking a manuscript and type script galley and page proof This article will discuss how you can earn from proofreading, the advantages and disadvantages of working as a proofreader and where to find employment as a freelance proofreader. There is also an excellent recommended course for those who wish to gain a qualification in proofreading. For typing, grammar and spelling errors by the author, the copy editor and also the typesetter. Some editors and publishers also ask their proofreaders to spot factual mistakes in the editorial and any potentially libellous statements.

online business

2009-03-09T08:12:00.004-07:00

WORK FROM HOME DATA ENTRY JOBS

If you’ve ever worked in a business office, you know there are some people that spend their entire day entering data into computers. Whether it is textual data or numerical data, someone has to input it so that it can be used by others in the business. This is the basic idea behind traditional work from home data entry jobs.

Most of today’s online data entry jobs seem to be typing ads for various online companies. If you don’t mind entering data for multiple online companies at various places around the internet, there is good money to be made from home. There are some really good programs available that will train you as well as show you which companies to work for that do pay well, for a small one time fee. These types of work from home data entry jobs seem to pay the most as well as allowing the most flexibility in work schedules.

Those who can have lightning-fast typing abilities, coupled with accuracy, are in demand the most. However, quite often the information that is being input is proprietary, so the employer may want you to work from their office when doing traditional data entry jobs. Perhaps they have specialized software that must be used. If you have the desire to work from home doing data entry, don’t give up. The work from home data entry jobs are out there. You may have to do some searching to find them.

If you’re currently working in data entry at a traditional job, you may be able to convince your employer to let you work from home. Explain to them that your working from home may actually cost them less money and that you will be able to work more efficiently at home. Just in case they’re not open to that possibility, begin now to look for legitimate work from home data entry jobs.

One aspect of data entry jobs is that they are usually needed quickly, that’s why employees that can type quickly and accurately are in such demand. If you are fortunate enough to land a traditional data entry job working from home, be prepared to work under strict deadlines. Schedule work to be able to complete each job on time, but having them completed before the deadline would be better.

Newspapers, magazines, and the internet can all be utilized to find a work from home data entry job. If you don’t have a physical newspaper subscription, check the internet to see if the paper is also published online. Some newspapers have begun to publish a mini-paper online for a subscription fee, but at least you won’t have papers cluttering your house. Search for classified employment ads or look online for freelance data entry jobs.

Work from home data entry jobs can be found if you’re willing to spend some time searching for them. Talk with your current employer and ask them about allowing you to begin telecommuting. If they aren’t agreeable, you can start looking elsewhere for a company that is willing to allow you to work from home or consider joining a data entry

online business

2009-03-09T08:12:00.003-07:00

INDIAN FAMILY STRUCTURE

In India, people learn the essential themes of cultural life within the bosom of a family. In most of the country, the basic units of society are the patrilineal family unit and wider kinship groupings. The most widely desired residential unit is the joint family, ideally consisting of three or four patrilineally related generations, all living under one roof, working, eating, worshiping, and cooperating together in mutually beneficial social and economic activities. Patrilineal joint families include men related through the male line, along with their wives and children. Most young women expect to live with their husband's relatives after marriage, but they retain important bonds with their natal families.

Variations in Indian Family Structure

Some family types bear special mention because of their unique qualities. In the sub-Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, polygyny is commonly practiced. There, among Hindus, a simple polygynous family is composed of a man, his two wives, and their unmarried children. Various other family types occur there, including the supplemented subpolygynous household--a woman whose husband lives elsewhere (perhaps with his other wife), her children, plus other adult relatives. Polygyny is also practiced in other parts of India by a tiny minority of the population, especially in families in which the first wife has not been able to bear children.Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, who have cultural ties to Tibet, fraternal polyandry is practiced, and a household may include a set of brothers with their common wife or wives. This family type, in which brothers also share land, is almost certainly linked to the extreme scarcity of cultivable land in the Himalayan region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings.

The peoples of the northeastern hill areas are known for their matriliny, tracing descent and inheritance in the female line rather than the male line. One of the largest of these groups, the Khasis--an ethnic or tribal people in the state of Meghalaya--are divided into matrilineal clans; the youngest daughter receives almost all of the inheritance including the house. A Khasi husband goes to live in his wife's house. Khasis, many of whom have become Christian, have the highest literacy rate in India, and Khasi women maintain notable authority in the family and community.

Perhaps the best known of India's unusual family types is the traditional Nayar taravad , or great house. The Nayars are a cluster of castes in Kerala. High-ranking and prosperous, the Nayars maintained matrilineal households in which sisters and brothers and their children were the permanent residents. After an official prepuberty marriage, each woman received a series of visiting husbands in her room in the taravad at night. Her children were all legitimate members of the taravad . Property, matrilineally inherited, was managed by the eldest brother of the senior woman. Like the Khasis, Nayar women are known for being well-educated and powerful within the family.

Malabar rite Christians, an ancient community in Kerala, adopted many practices of their powerful Nayar neighbors, including naming their sons for matrilineal forebears. Their kinship system, however, is patrilineal. Kerala Christians have a very high literacy rate, as do most Indian Christian groups.

online business

2009-03-09T08:12:00.001-07:00

VILLAGES OF INDIA

Villagers in India manifest a deep loyalty to their village, identifying themselves to strangers as residents of a particular village, harking back to family residence in the village that typically extends into the distant past. A family rooted in a particular village does not easily move to another, and even people who have lived in a city for a generation or two refer to their ancestral village as "our village."Indian Villagers share use of common village facilities--the village pond (known in India as a tank), grazing grounds, temples and shrines, cremation grounds, schools, sitting spaces under large shade trees, wells, and wastelands. Perhaps equally important, fellow villagers share knowledge of their common origin in a locale and of each other's secrets, often going back generations. Interdependence in rural life provides a sense of unity among residents of a village.

A great many observances emphasize village unity. Typically, each village recognizes a deity deemed the village protector or protectress, and villagers unite in regular worship of this deity, considered essential to village prosperity. They may cooperate in constructing temples and shrines important to the village as a whole. Hindu festivals such as Holi, Dipavali (Diwali), and Durga Puja bring villagers together (see Public Worship, ch.3). In the north, even Muslims may join in the friendly splashing of colored water on fellow villagers in Spring Holi revelries, which involve villagewide singing, dancing, and joking. People of all castes within a village address each other by kinship terms, reflecting the fictive kinship relationships recognized within each settlement. In the north, where village exogamy is important, the concept of a village as a significant unit is clear. When the all-male groom's party arrives from another village, residents of the bride's village in North India treat the visitors with the appropriate behavior due to them as bride-takers--men greet them with ostentatious respect, while women cover their faces and sing bawdy songs at them. A woman born in a village in India is known as a daughter of the village while an in-married bride is considered a daughter-in-law of the village. In her conjugal home in North India, a bride is often known by the name of her natal village; for example, Sanchiwali (woman from Sanchi). A man who chooses to live in his wife's natal village--usually for reasons of land inheritance--is known by the name of his birth village, such as Sankheriwala (man from Sankheri).

raditionally,

villages in India:

often recognized a headman and listened with respect to the decisions of the panchayat , composed of important men from the village's major castes, who had the power to levy fines and exclude transgressors from village social life. Disputes were decided within the village precincts as much as possible, with infrequent recourse to the police or court system. In present-day India, the government supports an elective panchayat and headman system, which is distinct from the traditional council and headman, and, in many instances, even includes women and very low-caste members. As older systems of authority are challenged, villagers are less reluctant to take disputes to court.

The solidarity of a village is always riven by conflicts, rivalries, and factionalism. Living together in intensely close relationships over generations, struggling to wrest a livelihood from the same limited area of land and water sources, fellow villagers are prone to disputes, strategic contests, and even violence. Most villages of India include what villagers call "big fish," prosperous, powerful people, fed and serviced through the labors of the struggling "little fish." Villagers commonly view gains as possible only at the expense of neighbors. Further, the increased involvement of villagers with the wider economic and political world outside the village via travel, work, education, and television; expanding government influence in rural areas; and increased pressure on land and resources as village populations grow seem to have resulted in increased factionalism and competitiveness in many parts of rural India.

online business

2009-03-09T08:11:00.002-07:00

INDIA FINANCE

The Reserve Bank formulated and administered monetary policy to promote stable prices and higher production. It was given increasing responsibilities for the development of banking and credit and to coordinate banking and credit with the five-year plans. The Reserve Bank had a number of tools with which to affect commercial bank credit.A credit guarantee corporation covered loans by commercial banks to small traders, transport operators, self-employed persons, and other borrowers not otherwise effectively covered by major institutions. The system effectively reached all kinds of savers and provided credit to many different customers.The government nationalized fourteen major private commercial banks in 1969 and six more in 1980. Nationalization forced commercial banks increasingly to meet the credit requirements of the weaker sections of the nation and to eliminate monopolization by vested interests of large industry, trade, and agriculture.

The banking system in India expanded rapidly after nationalization. The number of bank branches, for instance, increased from about 7,000 in 1969 to more than 60,000 in 1994, two-thirds of which were in rural areas. The deposit base rose from Rs50 billion in 1969 to around Rs3.5 trillion in 1994. Nevertheless, currency accounted for well over 50 percent of all the money supply circulating among the public. In 1992 the nationalized banks held 93 percent of all deposits.In FY 1990, twenty-three foreign banks operated in India. The most important were ANZ Grindlays Bank, Citibank, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, and Standard Chartered Bank.

Public-sector banks in India are required to reserve their lending based on 40 percent of their deposits for priority sectors, especially agriculture, at favorable rates. In addition, 35 percent of their deposits have to be held in liquid form to satisfy statutory liquidity requirements, and 15 percent are needed to meet the cash reserve requirements of the Reserve Bank. Both these percentages represent an easing of earlier requirements, but only a small proportion of public-sector banks' resources can be deployed freely. In late 1994, the rate of interest on bank loans was deregulated, but deposit rates were still subject to ceilings.

More than 50 percent of bank lending is to the government sector. With the onset of economic reform, India's banks were experiencing major financial losses as the result of low productivity, bad loans, and poor capitalization. Seeking to stabilize the banking industry, the Reserve Bank of India developed new reporting formats and has initiated takeovers and mergers of smaller banks that were operating with financial losses.

India has a rapidly expanding stock market that in 1993 listed around 5,000 companies in fourteen stock exchanges, although only the stocks of about 400 of these companies were actively traded. Financial institutions and government bodies controlled an estimated 45 percent of all listed capital. In April 1992, the Bombay stock market, the nation's largest with a market capital of US$65.1 billion, collapsed, in part because of revelations about financial malpractice amounting to US$2 billion. Afterward, the Securities and Exchange Board of India, the government's capital market regulator, implemented reforms designed to strengthen investor confidence in the stock market. In the mid-1990s, foreign institutional investors took greater interest than ever before in the Indian stock markets, investing around US$2 billion in FY 1993 alone.

online business

2009-03-09T08:11:00.001-07:00

INDIAN BUSINESS CULTURE INDIAN ECONOMIC POLICIES

The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 gave government a monopoly in armaments, atomic energy, and railroads, and exclusive rights to develop minerals, the iron and steel industries, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, and manufacturing of telephone and telegraph equipment. Private companies operating in those fields were guaranteed at least ten years more of ownership before the government could take them over. In 1956 the life insurance business was nationalized, and in 1973 the general insurance business was also acquired by the public sector. Most large commercial banks in India were nationalized in 1969. Over the years, the central and state governments formed agencies, and companies engaged in finance, trading, mineral exploitation, manufacturing, utilities, and transportation. The public sector was extensive and influential throughout the economy, although the value of its assets was small relative to the private sector.

Controls over prices, production, and the use of foreign exchange, which were imposed by the British during World War II, were reinstated soon after independence. The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act of 1951 and the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 (with subsequent additions) provided the legal framework for the government to extend price controls that eventually included steel, cement, drugs, nonferrous metals, chemicals, fertilizer, coal, automobiles, tires and tubes, cotton textiles, food grains, bread, butter, vegetable oils, and other commodities. By the late 1950s, controls were pervasive, regulating investment in industry, prices of many commodities, imports and exports, and the flow of foreign exchange.

Export growth in India was long ignored. The government's extensive controls and pervasive licensing requirements created imbalances and structural problems in many parts of the economy. Controls were usually imposed to correct specific problems but often without adequate consideration of their effect on other parts of the economy. For example, government of India set low prices for basic foods, transportation, and other commodities and services, a policy designed to protect the living standards of the poor. However, the policy proved counterproductive when the government also limited the output of needed goods and services. Price ceilings were implemented during shortages, but the ceiling frequently contributed to black markets in those commodities and to tax evasion by black-market participants.

Import controls and tariff policy stimulated local manufacturers toward production of import-substitution goods, but under conditions devoid of sufficient competition or pressure to be efficient. Political successes in the mid-1990s by nationalist-oriented political parties led to some backlash against foreign investment in some parts of India. In early 1995, official charges of serving adulterated products were made against a KFC outlet in Bangalore, and Pepsi-Cola products were smashed and advertisements defaced in New Delhi. The most serious backlash occurred in Maharashtra in August 1995 when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP--Indian People's Party)-led state government halted construction of a US$2.8 million 2,015-megawatt gas-fired electric-power plant being built near Bombay (Mumbai in the Marathi language) by another United States company, Enron Corporation.

online business

2009-03-09T08:10:00.002-07:00

INDIAN LAWS

Under the constitution, criminal jurisdiction belongs concurrently to the central government and the states. The prevailing law on crime prevention and punishment is embodied in two principal statutes: the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973. These laws take precedence over any state legislation, and the states cannot alter or amend them. Separate legislation enacted by both the states and the central government also has established criminal liability for acts such as smuggling, illegal use of arms and ammunition, and corruption. All legislation, however, remains subordinate to the constitution.The Indian Penal Code came into force in 1862; as amended, it continued in force in 1993. Based on British criminal law, the code defines basic crimes and punishments, applies to resident foreigners and citizens alike, and recognizes offenses committed abroad by Indian nationals.

The penal code classifies crimes under various categories: crimes against the state, the armed forces, public order, the human body, and property; and crimes relating to elections, religion, marriage, and health, safety, decency, and morals. Crimes are cognizable or noncognizable, comparable to the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors in legal use in the United States. Six categories of punishment include fines, forfeiture of property, simple imprisonment, rigorous imprisonment with hard labor, life imprisonment, and death. An individual can be imprisoned for failure to pay fines, and up to three months' solitary confinement can occur during rare rigorous imprisonment sentences. Commutation is possible for death and life sentences. Executions are by hanging and are rare--there were only three in 1993 and two in 1994--and are usually reserved for crimes such as political assassination and multiple murders.Indian Courts of law try cases under procedures that resemble the Anglo-American pattern. The machinery for prevention and punishment through the criminal court system rests on the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973, which came into force on April 1, 1974, replacing a code dating from 1898. The code includes provisions to expedite the judicial process, increase efficiency, prevent abuses, and provide legal relief to the poor. The basic framework of the criminal justice system, however, was left unchanged.

Constitutional guarantees protect the accused, as do various provisions embodied in the 1973 code. Treatment of those arrested under special security legislation can depart from these norms, however. In addition, for all practical purposes, the implementation of these norms varies widely based on the class and social background of the accused. In most cases, police officers have to secure a warrant from a magistrate before instituting searches and seizing evidence. Individuals taken into custody have to be advised of the charges brought against them, have the right to seek counsel, and have to appear before a magistrate within twenty-four hours of arrest. The magistrate has the option to release the accused on bail. During trial a defendant is protected against self-incrimination, and only confessions given before a magistrate are legally valid. Criminal cases usually take place in open trial, although in limited circumstances closed trials occur. Procedures exist for appeal to higher courts.

India

has an integrated and relatively independent court system. At the apex is the Supreme Court, which has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. Below it are eighteen high courts that preside over the states and union territories. The high courts have supervisory authority over all subordinate courts within their jurisdictions. In general, these include several district courts headed by district magistrates, who in turn have several subordinate magistrates under their supervision. The Code of Criminal Procedure established three sets of magistrates for the subordinate criminal courts. The first consists of executive magistrates, whose duties include issuing warrants, advising the police, and determining proper procedures to deal with public violence. The second consists of judicial magistrates, who are essentially trial judges. Petty criminal cases are sometimes settled in panchayat courts.

online business

2009-03-09T08:10:00.001-07:00

INDIAN SCIENTISTS,SCIENTISTS IN INDIA

India has a long and proud scientific tradition. Nehru, in his Discovery of India published in 1946, praised the mathematical achievements of Indian scholars, who are said to have developed geometric theorems before Pythagoras did in the sixth century B.C. and were using advanced methods of determining the number of mathematical combinations by the second century B.C. By the fifth century A.D., Indian mathematicians were using ten numerals and by the seventh century were treating zero as a number. These breakthroughs, Nehru said, "liberated the human mind . and threw a flood of light on the behavior of numbers.The concepts of astronomy, metaphysics, and perennial movement are all embodied in the Rig Veda . Although such abstract concepts were further developed by the ancient Greeks and the Indian numeral system was popularized in the first millennium A.D. by the Arabs (the Arabic word for number, Nehru pointed out, is hindsah , meaning "from Hind (India)"), their Indian origins are a source of national pride.

The technology of textile production, hydraulic engineering, water-powered devices, medicine, and other innovations, as well as mathematics and other theoretical sciences, continued to develop and be influenced by techniques brought in from the Muslim world by the Mughals after the fifteenth century.The practical applications of scientific and technical developments are witnessed, for example, by the proliferation of hundreds of thousands of water tanks for irrigation in South India by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although each tank was built through local efforts, together, in effect, they created a closely integrated network supplying water throughout the region. The science of metallurgy led to the construction of numerous small but sophisticated furnaces for producing iron and steel. By the late eighteenth century, it is estimated that production capability may have reached 200,000 tons per year. High levels of textile production--making India the world's leading producer and exporter of textiles before 1800--were the result of refinements in spinning technology.

Several millennia of interest in astronomy in India eventually resulted in the invention and construction of a network of sophisticated, large-scale astronomical observatories--the Jantar Mantars (meaning "house of instruments")--in the early eighteenth century. Constructed of stone brick, stucco, and marble, the Jantar Mantar complexes were used to determine the seasons, phases of the moon and sun, and locations of stars and planets from points in Delhi, Mathura, Jaipur, Varanasi, and Ujjain.

One of the most famous Indian scientist of the pre- and postindependence era was Indian-trained Chandrasekhara Venkata (C.V.) Raman, an ardent nationalist, prolific researcher, and writer of scientific treatises on the molecular scattering of light and other subjects of quantum mechanics. In 1930 Raman was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for his 1928 discovery of the Raman Effect, which demonstrates that the energy of a photon can undergo partial transformation within matter. In 1934-36, with his colleague Nagendra Nath, Raman propounded the Raman-Nath Theory on the diffraction of light by ultrasonic waves. He was a director of the Indian Institute of Science and founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and the Raman Research Institute in 1948.

online business

2009-03-09T08:09:00.002-07:00

India Peace keeping operations

Srilanka: Since the early 1970s, ethnic conflict has pitted Sri Lanka's Tamil minority against the Sinhalese majority over issues of power sharing and local autonomy. The main combatants are the Sri Lankan army and the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Indian involvement, encouraged by pro-Tamil sentiments in its state of Tamil Nadu, which is close to Sri Lanka, and the Indian government's covert aid to and training of Tamil militants between 1977 and 1987, drew India into the conflict. The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, signed on July 29, 1987, committed New Delhi to deploying a peacekeeping force on the island, making the Indian government the principal guarantor of a solution to the ethnic violence that had heightened dramatically since 1983. Nearly 60,000 Indian troops drawn from two divisions (one from the Central Command and the other from the Southern Command) were in Sri Lanka as the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) between 1987 and 1990.

Originally sent to Sri Lanka as a neutral body with a mission to ensure compliance with the accord, the IPKF increasingly became a partisan force fighting against Tamils. The popularity of Indian forces, which was never high, decreased still further amidst charges of rape and murder of civilians. Despite the considerable experience that Indian troops had gained in fighting insurgencies in India's northeast, the IPKF was at a marked disadvantage in Sri Lanka. In fighting Naga and Mizo guerrillas in northeast India, the army had fought on home ground, and the central government could couple the army's efforts with direct political negotiations. In Sri Lanka, the Indian forces did not possess an adequate local intelligence network. Despite the growth of the IPKF to 70,000 strong, the predominantly urban context of northern Sri Lanka imposed constraints on the use of force. It also is widely believed that Sri Lankan forces offered only grudging cooperation. Given the inability of the IPKF to prevent either Sinhalese or Tamil extremist actions, it steadily lost the support of both sides in the conflict.

As the Sri Lankan presidential elections approached in December 1988, both the contending parties, the ruling United National Party led by then Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa, and the three-party United Front led by former Prime Minister Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, expressed their reservations about the 1987 accord. Premadasa was elected, and after he was inaugurated, he declared an end to the five-and-a-half-year state of emergency and asked India to withdraw the IPKF. In July 1989, the IPKF started a phased withdrawal of its remaining 45,000 troops, a process that took until March 1990 to complete.

During the three-year involvement, some 1,500 Indian troops were killed and more than 4,500 were wounded during this operation. Another casualty resulting from the Sri Lanka mission was the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by a Tamil militant in 1991. As a participant in what began as a peacekeeping mission, the Indian armed forces learned some valuable lessons. These included the realization that better coordination is needed between military and political decision makers for such missions. One of the commanders of the IPKF also noted that training, equipment, and command and control needed improvement.

In 1995, at the request of the Sri Lankan government, Indian naval ships and air force surveillance aircraft established a quarantine zone around the LTTE stronghold in the Jaffna area. The supply of military matériel by Indian sympathizers to the Tamil insurgents in Sri Lanka from Tamil Nadu, just thirty-five kilometers across the Palk Strait, was an ongoing problem that continued to keep India involved in the conflict.

online business

2009-03-09T08:09:00.001-07:00

INDIA NEWS MEDIA :

The Indian press has experienced impressive growth since independence. In 1950 there were 214 daily newspapers, with forty-four in English and the rest in Indian languages. By 1990 the number of daily newspapers had grown to 2,856, with 209 in English and 2,647 in indigenous languages. The expansion of literacy and the spread of consumerism during the 1980s fueled the rapid growth of news weeklies and other periodicals. By 1993 India had 35,595 newspapers--of which 3,805 were dailies--and other periodicals. Although the majority of publications are in indigenous languages, the English-language press, which has widespread appeal to the expanding middle class, has a wide multicity circulation throughout India.

There are four major publishing groups in India, each of which controls national and regional English-language and vernacular publications. They are the Times of India Group, the Indian Express Group, the Hindustan Times Group, and the Anandabazar Patrika Group. The Times of India is India's largest English-language daily, with a circulation of 656,000 published in six cities. The Indian Express , with a daily circulation of 519,000, is published in seventeen cities. There also are seven other daily newspapers with circulations of between 134,000 and 477,000, all in English and all competitive with one another. Indian-language newspapers also enjoy large circulations but usually on a statewide or citywide basis. For example, the Malayalam-language daily Malayala Manorama circulates 673,000 copies in Kerala; the Hindi-language Dainik Jagran circulates widely in Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi, with 580,000 copies per day; Punjab Kesari , also published in Hindi and available throughout Punjab and New Delhi, has a daily circulation of 562,000; and the Anandabazar Patrika , published in Calcutta in Bengali, has a daily circulation of 435,000. There are also numerous smaller publications throughout the nation. The combined circulation of India's newspapers and periodicals is in the order of 60 million, published daily in more than ninety languages.

India has more than forty domestic news agencies. The Express News Service, the Press Trust of India, and the United News of India are among the major news agencies. They are headquartered in Delhi, Bombay, and New Delhi, respectively, and employ foreign correspondents.

Although freedom of the press in

India

is the legal norm--it is constitutionally guaranteed--the scope of this freedom has often been contested by the government. Rigid press censorship was imposed during the Emergency starting in 1975 but quickly retracted in 1977. The government has continued, however, to exercise more indirect controls. Government advertising accounts for as much as 50 percent of all advertisements in Indian newspapers, providing a monetary incentive to limit harsh criticism of the administration. Until 1992, when government regulation of access to newsprint was liberalized, controls on the distribution of newsprint could also be used to reward favored publications and threaten those that fell into disfavor. In 1988, at a time when the Indian press was publishing investigative reports about corruption and abuse of power in government, Parliament passed a tough defamation bill that mandated prison sentences for offending journalists. Vociferous protests from journalists and opposition party leaders ultimately forced the government to withdraw the bill. Since the late 1980s, the independence of India's press has been bolstered by the liberalization of government economic policy and the increase of private-sector advertising provided by the growth of

India

's private sector and the spread of consumerism.

online business

2009-03-09T08:08:00.002-07:00

India politics, history of politics , political issues in India Kashmir Issue

Rajiv Gandhi attempted to put an end to the crisis by signing an agreement with Akali Dal moderate Harchand Singh Longowal in August 1985. The Gandhi-Longowal Accord acquiesced to many Akali Dal demands and called for elections to put an end to central government control over the state government through President's Rule, which had been in effect since October 1983. Although the accord was criticized by Sikh activists as being a sellout, it apparently had widespread support, as evidenced by the public's defiance of the militants' call for a boycott of the ensuing elections and the mandate given to Akali Dal moderates to form a new government. Public support for the Akali Dal government, however, was soon undermined by Rajiv Gandhi's failure to fulfill his commitments, such as the transfer of Chandigarh to Punjab, as enunciated in the Gandhi-Longowal Accord. With the failure to implement the accord, the popularity of the Akali Dal state government led by Surjit Singh Barnala declined, and its internal divisions grew. As a result, its efforts to combat the militants' increasing violence became ineffective.

In May 1987, the Punjab assembly was dissolved and replaced with President's Rule.Akali Dal members were engaged in a heated competition with the Congress (I) over control of the Punjab assembly. It was in this context that the Congress (I) found it advantageous to encourage Sikh fundamentalism. Giani Zail Singh, who was the Congress (I) chief minister in Punjab from 1972 to 1977 and minister of home affairs in the central government from 1980 to 1982, developed links with the fiery Sikh militant Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. By encouraging Bhindranwale, the Congress (I) hoped to reap advantage from sowing division in the already fractious Akali Dal. However, what may have been good for the interests of the Congress (I) turned out to be bad for the country. By the spring of 1984, Bhindranwale and his followers had taken over the Akal Takht shrine facing the Golden Temple and transformed it into a headquarters and armory for Sikh militants.

Indira Gandhi sent in the army, which, during a bloody three-day siege, almost destroyed the Akal Takht, did some damage to the Golden Temple, and killed Bhindranwale and hundreds of his followers (see Insurgent Movements and External Subversion, ch. 10). The army's action generated widespread resentment among India's Sikhs. The subsequent assassination of Indira Gandhi by Sikh members of her bodyguard on October 31, 1984, unleashed a wave of riots throughout India in which more than 2,700 Sikhs were killed.

The conflict raged through 1994 as the government sent in paramilitary and army troops in an effort to break the back of the resistance and convince the Kashmiri public of the futility of the struggle. By then the militants had fragmented into more than 100 groups. The Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, which demands independence from both India and Pakistan, had the widest support, but a number of heavily armed groups, the most prominent being the Hezb-ul Mujahideen, The government responded by releasing more moderate activist leaders from prison and beginning preparations for elections. But with tension growing and the destruction in May 1995 by fire of a Sufi mausoleum and mosque in the town of Charar Sharif--each side blamed the other for the conflagration--the central government postponed plans for elections. This event posed new impediments to resolving the conflict..

online business

2009-03-09T08:08:00.001-07:00

Indian Fashion - ancient fashion in India

Ancient Indian fashion garments generally used no stitching although Indians knew about sewing. Most clothes were ready to wear as soon as they left the loom. The traditional Indian Dhoti, the Scarf or Uttariya, and the popular Turban are still visible India and continue to be part of Indian fashion. Likewise, for women, the Dhoti or the Sari as the lower garments, combined with a Stanapatta forms the basic ensemble, and once again consists of garments that do not have to be stitched, the stanapatta being simply fastened in a knot at the back. And the Dhoti or the Sari worn covering both legs at the same time or, in the alternative, with one end of it passed between the legs and tucked at the back in the fashion that is still prevalent in large area of India. Indian men and women for these garments in the usually hot Indian climate. - dhoti when he speaks of 'turbans used for trousers', and a kaupina when he is speaking of 'a rag of two fingers' breadth bound over the loins.

Another popular attire of women in Indian clothing is the Indian salwar-kameez. This popular Indian dress evolved as a comfortable and respectable garment for women in Kashmir and Punjab region, but is now immensely popular in all regions of India. Salwars are pyjama-like trousers drawn tightly in at the waist and the ankles. Over the salwars, women wear a long and loose tunic known as a kameez. One might occasionally come across women wearing a churidar instead of a salwar. A churidar is similar to the salwar but is tighter fitting at the hips, thighs and ankles. Over this, one might wear a collarless or mandarin-collar tunic called a kurta. Though the majority of Indian women wear traditional Indian dresses, the men in India can be found in more conventional western clothing like shirts and trousers.

Ornaments of Indian Fashion :Nose pin: More common than a nose ring, both are symbols of purity & marriage, though today many unmarried Indian girls wear this adornment. Necklace :These are very popular fashion accessories across India amongst girls and women of all ages. Necklaces are made of a variety of materials, ranging from glass beads to gold and diamonds. One special necklace is the mangalasutra, worn only by married Indian women. It is the Indian equivalent of the western wedding ring. Traditionally a woman wore it during her wedding ceremony and took it off only if her husband died. Bangles: Worn on the wrist, bangles are believed to be protective bands and women always wore them as symbolic guards over their husbands. As with other ornaments, bangles today are worn by women of all ages all over India and are made of silver, gold, wood, glass, and plastic, among other materials.Ear Rings: Rings, studs and other ornaments worn in the ears are popular all over the country. In fact, a girl's ears are usually pierced before her first birthday.

Other important ornaments are finger rings, toe Rings for the fingers are again, of various materials and designs and worn by unmarried and married women. Since the ring has become a common adornment, it is no longer considered a symbol in Indian Marriages.However, toe rings and anklets are still worn mostly by married women. Ornaments for the feet are usually made of silver because gold, being a 'pure' metal, was not supposed to be worn on the feet. This privilege was given only to women of royal Indian families.In addition to these ornaments is the 'mangatika' or 'tikli'. This ornament, worn at the top of the forehead in the parting of the hair, is usually a small pendant on the end of a chain that is clasped to the hair. Although traditionally this ornament was also worn as a symbol of marriage, today it is not so commonly worn even by married women.

online business

2009-03-09T08:06:00.000-07:00

THE National Flag Of India : is in tricolour of deep saffron(Kesari) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal propotions.The flag is a horizontal tricolour in equal proportion of deep saffron on the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom. The ratio of the width to the length of the flag is two is to three. In the centre of the white band, there is a wheel in navy blue to indicate the Dharma Chakra, the wheel of law in the Sarnath Lion Capital. Its diameter approximates the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. The saffron stands for courage, sacrifice and the spirit of renunciation; the white, for purity and truth; the green for faith and fertility. The design of the National Flag was adopted by India's constituent assembly on 22nd july, 1947. It's use and display are regulated by a code. The Indian flag symbolizes freedom. The late Prime Minister Pandit Nehru called it a flag not only of freedom for ourselves, but a symbol of freedom for all people.

The National emblem is a symbol of contemporary India's reaffirmation of its commitment to world peace and goodwill. :The National Emblem of India is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh State. The Lion Capital was erected in the 3rd century BC by Emperor Ashoka to mark the spot where Lord Buddha first proclaimed his gospel of peace and emancipation.It is symbolic of India's reaffirmation of its ancient commitment to world peace and goodwill. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on a abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).

In the state emblem adopted by the Government of India on 26 January 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the center of the abacus with a bull on the right and a horse on the left and the outlines of the other wheels on extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The four lions (one hidden from view) - symbolising power, courage and confidence - rest on a circular abacus. The abacus is girded by four smaller animals - guardians of the four directions: the lion of the north, the elephant of the east, the horse of the south and the bull of the west.The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. The motto 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the emblem in Devanagari script means 'truth alone triumphs'

NATIONAL ANIMAL OF INDIA:The magnificent Tiger Panthera tigris (linnaeus), the national animal of India, is a rich-colored well-striped animal with a short coat. The combination of grace, strength, power has earned the tiger great respect and high esteem. Indian tigers are famous all over the world and one of the main attractions for the lovers of wild life. To check the dwindling population of tigers in India, which came down to just 1,827 in 1972, massive conservation program was initiated in April 1973, known as the 'Project Tiger'. This project aims to maintain a viable population of tigers in India for scientific, economic, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values. Since then, the tiger population has shown a gradual increase and the census of 1989 puts the tiger population of the country at 4,334. So far, 19 tiger reserves have been established in the country under this project, covering over 29, 716 sq. km. forest area

online business

2009-03-09T08:02:00.001-07:00

India Pakistan wars

The first test for the Indian armed forces came shortly after independence with the first Indo-Pakistani conflict (1947-48). The military was called upon to defend the borders of the state of Jammu and Kashmir when tribals--principally Pathans--attacked from the northwest reaches of Kashmir on October 22, 1947. India's 161st Infantry Brigade was deployed and thwarted the advance of the tribal forces. In early November 1947, the 161st counterattacked and successfully broke through the enemy defenses. Despite early successes, the Indian army suffered a setback in December because of logistical problems. The problems enabled the forces of Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir, as the part of Kashmir under Pakistani control is called) to take the initiative and force the Indian troops to retreat from the border areas.

In the spring of 1948, the Indian side mounted another offensive to retake some of the ground that it had lost. No doubt fearing that the war might move into Pakistan proper, regular units of the Pakistani army became more actively involved. As the conflict escalated, the Indian leadership was quick to recognize that the war could not be brought to a close unless Pakistani support for the Azad Kashmir forces could be stopped. Accordingly, on the advice of Governor General Earl Louis Mountbatten (Britain's last viceroy in India in 1947 and governor general of India, 1947-48), the Indian government sought United Nations (UN) mediation of the conflict on December 31, 1947. There was some opposition to this move within the cabinet by those who did not agree with referring the Kashmir dispute to the UN. The UN mediation process brought the war to a close on January 1, 1949. In all, 1,500 soldiers died on each side during the war.

The second Indo-Pakistani conflict (1965) was also fought over Kashmir and started without a formal declaration of war. It is widely accepted that the war began with the infiltration of Pakistani-controlled guerrillas into Indian Kashmir on about August 5, 1965. Skirmishes with Indian forces started as early as August 6 or 7, and the first major engagement between the regular armed forces of the two sides took place on August 14.. Later in the month, the Pakistanis counterattacked, moving concentrations near Tithwal, Uri, and Punch. Their move, in turn, provoked a powerful Indian thrust into Azad Kashmir. Other Indian forces captured a number of strategic mountain positions and eventually took the key Haji Pir Pass, eight kilometers inside Pakistani territory.

The Indian gains led to a major Pakistani counterattack on September 1 in the southern sector, in Punjab, where Indian forces were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses. The sheer strength of the Pakistani thrust, which was spearheaded by seventy tanks and two infantry brigades, led Indian commanders to call in air support. The war was at the point of stalemate when the UN Security Council unanimously passed a resolution on September 20 that called for a cease-fire. New Delhi accepted the cease-fire resolution on September 21 and Islamabad on September 22, and the war ended on September 23. The Indian side lost 3,000 while the Pakistani side suffered 3,800 battlefield deaths. Though the Indian conduct of the land war on the western front was somewhat timid, the role of the Indian air force was both extensive and daring. There was little retaliation by

Pakistan

's air force, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. Additionally, this lack of retaliation reflected the deliberate decision of the Pakistan Air Force headquarters to conserve its forces because of heavy losses incurred in the early days of the war.

online business

2009-03-09T08:01:00.002-07:00

The Various Styles of Indian Paintings

The styles and varieties in paintings from India are as diverse as the country itself. Painting as an art form has flourished in India from pre-historic times as evident from the rock paintings - some of them are older than 5500 BC. Indian Paintings can be broadly classified as the murals & miniatures. Murals are large works executed on the walls of solid structures like caves, temples and walls of palaces. Classic examples are the paintings in Ajantha & Kailasantaha temple while miniature paintings are those executed on a very small scale on perishable material such as paper and cloth etc

Madhubani Painting :The origins of Madhubani painting are shrouded in antiquity and interesting to know that many believe that this style of painting originated at the time of the Ramayana, when King Janak commissioned artists to do paintings at the time of marriage of his daughter, Sita, with Sri Rama who is considered to be an incarnation of the Hindu God Lord Vishnu. Madhubani painting is a style of uttradi mutt painting, mostly practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar, India. Rajasthani Painting :Originated in Rajasthan state of India, Rajasthani Painting flourished during the 18th century in the royal courts of Rajputana, India. Each Rajput kingdom evolved a distinct style, but the basic feel remained the same. Several events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Krishna’s life, beautiful landscapes, and humans attracted the painters of this style as these became themes of their paintings. It is said that the preparation of desired colours was a lengthy process, sometimes taking weeks. The colours were extracted from minerals, plants, conch shells, and were even derived by processing precious stones, gold and silver.

Mughal Painting :Mughal paintings were a unique blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. In order to keep visual record of major events during their rule, Mughal Emprerors used to take artists along on military or hunting expeditions, who would depict their royal deeds in form of art. Mysore Painting :Mysore painting, an important form of classical South Indian painting, originated in the town of Mysore in Karnataka. Known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail, the themes for most of these paintings are Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology. In modern times, these paintings are exchanged as souvenir during festive occasions in South India.

Tanjore Painting :Native to the town of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu, India, Tanjore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting. The art form dates back to the early 9th century, a period dominated by the Chola rulers, who encouraged art and literature. The themes of these paintings are mostly Hindu gods and goddesses, and saints as well. Episodes from Hindu tradition and mythology are drawn upon as elaboration to the chief figure(s) placed in the central section of the picture. After the painting is completed, decoration of the jewellery and the apparels in the image is done with semi-precious stones, laces or threads. On top of this, the gold foils are pasted. As a final touch, dyes are used to add colors to the figures in the paintings.

Modern Indian Painting During the colonial era, some artists in India developed a style that used Western ideas of composition, perspective and realism to illustrate Indian themes while others like Jamini Roy, consciously drew inspiration from folk art. By the time of Independence in 1947, many schools of art in India started providing access to modern techniques and ideas. Art Galleries were established to showcase the work of these artists. Modern Indian art typically shows the influence of Western styles, but is often inspired by Indian themes and images.

online business

2009-03-09T08:01:00.001-07:00

Fresh attacks on Pakistan schools

Taleban militants have blown up another five schools in north-west Pakistan, officials say, despite a government pledge to safeguard education. The schools were destroyed in the town of Mingora in troubled Swat district. The Taleban issued an edict in December that private schools must close by 15 January as part of their campaign to ban education for girls. Meanwhile the Khyber route for supplies into Afghanistan was temporarily closed on Monday after a militant attack. 'Scared' The attacks in Mingora took place despite a curfew. No-one was hurt as the winter holidays had begun. A government official, Shaukat Yousafzai, told Reuters: "Attacks on troops are understandable but why are they destroying schools?" The militants have destroyed more than 150 government schools over the past year, most of them for girls.

The Taleban want to impose their austere interpretation of Islamic law and oppose education for girls - which they say is un-Islamic. Winter holidays began on 1 January but some private schools stayed open to catch up with lost classes. But school owners in Mingora have now complied with the ban and say that the schools will not reopen until the Taleban revoke it or the conflict in Swat is resolved. They say that even if they keep the schools open, parents are unlikely to send their children in view of the Taleban threat. Mr Yousafzai said teachers were refusing to work. "I try to convince them but they're scared. They doubt the government's ability to protect them." In her diary for the BBC Urdu service, a seventh grade schoolgirl from Swat says there was little excitement about the winter school holidays - which for her began on 15 January.

She writes on 14 January: "Since today was the last day of our school, we decided to play in the playground a bit longer. I am of the view that the school will one day reopen but while leaving I looked at the building as if I would not come here again." There are close to 2,000 schools in Swat district. Some 1,600 of them are run by the government, including more than 500 girls' schools, education officials say. The rest are privately owned. Route briefly closed :The BBC's M Ilyas Khan in Islamabad says militants in Swat now control most areas except Mingora town and the road that connects it to the rest of the country. They have been targeting school buildings, sectarian opponents and local politicians.Information Minister Sherry Rehman told reporters on Sunday the administration was working towards reopening schools on 1 March. She earlier said the government would work with the provincial administration to protect education, particularly for girls, in North West Frontier Province.

Meanwhile, a militant attack on Monday forced the temporary closure of the Khyber Pass to convoys supplying foreign troops in Afghanistan. The attack on a military camp left one soldier dead. Government official Zar Bacha Khan told Reuters news agency the route had been reopened after 10 men were arrested. The number of attacks on convoys by insurgents has increased and the pass has been closed several times before.

Last December, Pakistani security forces attempted to clear militants from the route, which provides up to 75% of supplies for US and Nato forces in Afghanistan.

online business

2009-03-09T08:00:00.002-07:00

Education(AMERICAN INDIA FOUNDATION)

Education is one of the most important drivers of India's social and economic development. Higher levels of literacy lead to greater economic output, higher employment levels, better health, better social structures, and higher marks along a number of other development indicators. More specifically, the impact of educating girls and women has been shown to result in rapid improvements in family planning, nutrition, health, and income and is seen as one of the best tools for promoting social and economic development.

The 1986 National Policy on Education (NPE) first emphasized universalization of elementary education (UEE) as a national priority. Yet, despite a huge expansion in India’s formal education system in the last few decades, there are still roughly 50-60 million children out of school in the age group 6-14 years, or nearly 25 percent of total child population in the elementary age group. The key challenges to achieving UEE are:

Access: The reasons for children being out-of-school are to do with lack of physical access as well as social access. In several parts of the country, especially in small, remote habitations, children still do not have access to schooling facilities and thus remain out of school. Seasonal migration of families in search of work for several months every year is another reason which deprives children the chance to go to school. In addition, a sizeable proportion of children live in villages and habitations where formal schools exist, but due to social reasons such as caste and gender they are either not allowed to go to school, or not given the proper treatment in school.

Retention: This is an issue of serious concern. According to statistics 53% of children drop out of school before completing the elementary level, or grade VIII. This high drop out is due to poor functioning of schools, for example, dilapidated school buildings, overcrowded classrooms, irregular attendance of teachers and children, lack of teaching learning materials, ineffective teaching, unintelligible language used by the teachers and the discriminatory attitude of teachers towards children of the marginalized sections of society.

Quality: Many studies have shown that children who do complete primary schooling attain abysmal learning levels. A majority of grade V children are estimated to be at a level no higher than grade II or III. The causes stem from the poorly functioning educational system which are transmitted down to the schools.

AIF views improving the quality of education as a cross-cutting theme in its education grant making. In the absence of a quality education, children do not learn and frequently drop out of school. This is reflected in the fact that a significant portion of children who are out of school have attended school at some point. Grants involve a continuous improvement of quality of the education that is delivered, both in NGO-administered schools and in associated government schools.

online business

2009-03-09T08:00:00.001-07:00

Diamond Engagement Rings: A History

Because of their beauty, strength and durability, diamonds for centuries have symbolized the eternal love of two people that have pledged to join together in marriage. The actual tradition of giving a diamond engagement ring as a promise of marriage is thought to have started in 1477, when Archduke Maxi million of Austria presented Mary of Burgundy with a diamond ring. This practice became a trend among royalty and the wealthy, and the rest of the world's upper classes began to embrace it over the next few centuries.But giving a diamond engagement ring as a symbol of betrothal really started to become an established, widespread tradition once the gems became more accessible and affordable to the public. And that all started in 1870 with the discovery of diamond mines in South Africa. These new sources flooded the market and led to the creation of the De Beers conglomerate to control the worldwide diamond supply. During these early decades of the De Beers dynasty, diamond sales flourished in Europe, the United States and other key world markets.

The tradition of placing both the engagement ring and wedding band on the fourth finger of the left hand stems from a Greek belief that a certain vein in that finger, the vena amoris, runs directly to the heart. In the Middle Ages, men often kept a betrothal ring suspended from the band of their hats, ready to give to their chosen maid. Posy rings, which were inscribed with love poems and messages, were popular betrothal rings from the Middle Ages until Victorian times. A popular engagement ring style during the Renaissance was called the "Gimmel,"

The smallest engagement ring on record was given to two-year-old Prince Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, on the event of her betrothal to the infant Dauphin of France, son of King Francis I, in 1518. Mary's tiny gold ring was set with a diamond. A diamond cluster ring in the shape of a long pointed oval was popular as an engagement ring during the time of Louis XVI (1754-1793), and remained fashionable for 150 years afterward. Hearts were popular motifs for engagement and wedding rings during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Such rings often combined rubies (signifying love) and diamonds (signifying eternity). Despite the diamond's growing hold on the bridal market, colored stone rings were still quite popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Often, the first letter of the stones within the setting spelled out the name of the giver or a word (for example, "dearest" would be represented by diamond, emerald, amethyst, ruby, epidote, sapphire and turquoise).

Queen Victoria's (1819-1901) engagement ring was in the form of a serpent. The snake motif was believed to be a symbol of good luck. The Tiffany, or solitaire, setting was introduced in the late nineteenth century. The "princess ring," a type of English engagement ring sporting three to five large diamonds in a row across the top, was popular in the United States in the early twentieth century. The three-stone style has enjoyed a major comeback recently. In the early part of the twentieth century, platinum was the metal of choice for engagement rings because of its strength and durability in holding a diamond.

online business

2009-03-09T07:59:00.002-07:00

Silver Jewelry in History

Silver has attracted man’s fascination for many thousands of years. Ancient civilizations found silver deposits plentiful on or near the earth’s surface. Relics of these civilizations include jewelry, religious artifacts, and food vessels formed from durable, malleable silver. This metal took on near mystical qualities in marking important historical milestones throughout the ages, and served as a medium of exchange.

Throughout history, handmade sterling silver jewelry was one of the most popular types of ornate adornment made for men and women alike. At one time it was all made by hand by skilled craftsmen – silversmiths. The first mechanical production only started in 1869, with various methods of machine production gradually being developed. Initially, these were only used to make simple types of trinkets, such as chains. As methods were refined, mass production became possible for more delicate pieces.New York --- October 3, 2008.JamesAllen.com, the leading, most respected on-line retailer of diamond engagement rings, sterling silver and gemstone jewelry since 1998, has introduced their Hot Diamonds silver jewelry collection for Fall 2008.

The James Allen Hot Diamonds silver jewelry collections are created from delicious sterling silver and brilliant-cut white diamonds. Inspired by nature, sensual, fluid, flowing and utterly feminine their jewelry is easy to love and wear. The James Allen selection of Hot Diamonds' silver jewelry rings have a refreshing take on natural shapes with soft forms using both polished and rustic matte finishes on the silver, occasionally 18k yellow gold vermeil and diamonds. Any of these stunning silver jewelry pieces will be treasured forever. The Hot Diamonds' silver jewelry collection of pendants have textured organic shapes together with warm gold and liquid silver mould and mesh together, just as they do in nature. From their multiple collections, one will find a silver jewelry piece that feels like it was tailor-made just for you.

James Allen states that: “Charms by Hot Diamonds tell the story of our lives. Tactile symbols of moments and events that we collect over time like pages of a book. They are fun, glamorous, eclectic and most of all meaningful, so go-ahead and start telling your own story.” There is a feeling of individuality, tactility and character in the Hot Diamonds' silver jewelry necklaces. Light dances and reflects from highly polished silver and gold surfaces and the contrast of matte brushing adds depth to all of these. Confidence and femininity - able to transform from 'day into night' James Allen silver jewelry earrings which are made with polished and matte sterling silver and brilliant cut diamonds. James Allen asks Internet surfers shopping and buying on the Net why they would consider throwing their money away in a local jewelry store when one can find high quality, creative and modern designed silver jewelry on-line for almost half the price on the Net.

online business

2009-03-09T07:59:00.001-07:00

POLLUTION

Pollution is the addition to the ecosystem of someting which has a detrimental effect on it. One of the most important causes of pollution is the high rate of energy usage by modern, growing populations.

Different kinds of pollution are found. In this section we will discuss:

Air Pollution.
Water Pollution.
Land Pollution.

Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.

NOiSE POLUTION : unwanted sounds that are carried by the air, have an irritating and detrimental effect on humans and other animals. Careful planning of streets and biuldings in towns and better control over noisy vechiles may add to the control of noise pollution. Tobacco smoke is one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not only the smoker who is infected, but everyone who inhales the polluted air. There is a very strong connection between smoking and lung cancer. Bronchitis is common among smokers and unborn babies of mothers who smoke also suffer from the harmful effects of smoking. Pollution from exhaust gases of vehicles is reponsible for 60% of all air pollution and in cities up to 80%. There is a large variety of harmful chemicals present in these gases, with lead being one of the most dangerous. The combustion of caol without special precautions can have serious consequences. If winds do not blow away the poisonous gases, they can have fatal effects and may lead to death.

Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biological material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nondegradable, bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).

Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes visible waste and litter as well as pollution of the soil itself.

Soil pollution is mainly due to chemicals in herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides (poisons which kill insects and other invertebrate pests). Litter is waste material dumped in public places such as streets, parks, picnic areas, at bus stops and near shops.

online business

2009-03-09T07:58:00.002-07:00

SKIN CARE FOR MEN

Skin care has for centuries focused on the ladies, however times are changing and men young and old are realizing they have been missing the boat when it comes to looking after their skin. The skin care for men revolution has begun and is gaining momentum. Have you jumped on board yet?Older men traditionally have shied away from applying skin care lotions of any type, two reasons explain this resistance. The first being men didn’t regard applying creams or makeup as being manly, secondly up until even a few years ago good men’s skin care products didn’t exist. The majorities of young men today don’t realize the benefits to be gained by looking after their skin from an early age, and just assume it will take care of itself. Unfortunately many middle age and older men who had the same attitude when they were young are suffering the consequences with skin issues today. Hopefully this article will encourage men of all ages to adopt a more positive attitude to looking after their skin.

Men aged between 20 and 35 years old now understand the importance of looking after their skin, many are undertaking natural skin care for men daily preventative maintenance regimes. However, the majority of young men still don’t look after their skin. Why should they! It’s very likely they don’t care much about the rest of their body either, and many have the attitude “it will never happen to me”. What these people don’t realize is that it will eventually catch up with them at around 50 to 60 years old when their skin dries out and the wrinkles get deeper.

The next age group between 36 and 50 years old are very busy with their careers and families and pay little attention to their skin and body generally. This is the time the small fine wrinkles start moving to bigger and deeper ones and middle age spread, spreads some more. They have missed the boat in their earlier years by not looking after their skin and are now starting to pay the price. However, all is not lost providing they do something positive now to arrest the damage. Starting a daily natural skin care treatment will slow down and help skin aging problems by hydrating and moisturizing the tissues, and in some circumstances even reduce the wrinkles.

Finally we have the 51 to 65 year olds. At this age most men’s skins that have never had any nourishment are getting very dry and wrinkly, and the onset of old age skin problems are just starting or getting worse. The majority gives up any hope of looking after, improving and rejuvenating their skin and would not even bother to try any skin care for men treatments.The moral of this story is jump on board the skin care boat. If you fit the first age category, get into the habit of looking after you skin on a daily basis with good natural creams. By taking this preventative action now you will reap the rewards later in life and not have the skin issues which many of us have to put up with every day. The second age group can still catch the boat and greatly benefit from implementing a skin care regime to slow down and repair some of the damage already inflected on their skin. The final group particularly the over 60’s have just about missed the boat; the wrinkles are likely to be too deep for any cream to make much difference in reducing them. Their skin has becomes thinner, lost much of it’s elasticity and gets damaged more easily.

online business

2009-03-09T07:58:00.001-07:00

AEROBICS

Did you know there is a very incredibly simple and easy way to speed up your fat burning metabolism, while also improving your appearance overnight? No, this isn’t some gimmicky weight loss supplement, fancy workout gizmo or “top secret” dieting strategy. It is quite simple and seemingly apparent but nonetheless extremely effective.You’ve probably already been told time and time again that you should be drinking plenty of water each day, but do you actually realize just how beneficial water consumption is to your bottom line fat burning results, muscle building progress and overall appearance? You could very well be hindering the progress of a healthy regimen for your body if you are not making a point of drinking plenty of water, at least 64 ounces, on a daily basis. I will lay out the points so that you can see them clearly.

1) Your performance as well as your strength are both hightened by an intake of water when working at the gym. Research has shown that being even slightly dehydrated can decrease strength and physical performance significantly. In fact, merely a 3-4% drop in your body’s water levels will lead to a 10-20% decrease in muscle contractions. Having high energy and strength levels is vital to achieve optimum results during intense weight and cardio training sessions.2) Injuries can be prevented with water. The joints in your body and the connective tissues can be unduly stressed if you do hard weight training or cardio for a long period of time. One of the ways that water fights this stress is by lubricating the joints and providing a type of cushion around the joints.3) Water aids in the digestive process. Water is integral to the process of breaking down large macronutrients like carbohydrates, fat or protein into smaller components that are useable by the body. To make sure that your body is correctly using all of the vitamins and minerals from the foods you intake, high water consumption should also be ensured.

4) Water directly increases the fat burning metabolism. One of the primary jobs of the liver is to metabolize fat. However, another one of the liver’s duties is to assist the kidneys, whose main function is to flush out waste products through the urine. When your water intake is less than optimal, these waste products will accumulate in the body and will force both the kidneys and the liver to work additionally hard to clear out the waste.

When you deprive your body of water, you actually force your liver to divert its focus away from burning fat and instead onto assisting the kidneys. Your body’s rate of fat burning will go down due to this.5) Water retention is decreased by increased water consumption. If you consume an insufficient amount of water, your body reacts by retaining a larger percentage due to an instinctive survival reaction. All of that water will end up in the places you want it least: your face, arms, stomach, butt, thighs, and everywhere else you can think of. Increasing the amount of water that you drink can force your body to lose weight over several days. Your body won’t need to store water in excessive quantities if it is provided with a constant external source.Keep in mind that your body is already dehydrated if you feel thirsty. For the optimal functioning of your body a certain amount of water is required and if you are consuming that proper amount you should never really feel thirsty throughout a regular, routine day.

online business

2009-03-09T07:57:00.004-07:00

CANCER AND LOW FAT DIET

The risk of ovarian cancer could be cut by 40% if the fat content of your diet is reduced by a third, reported the Daily Mail on October 11. A low fat diet “could almost halve the risk of ovarian cancer,” the newspaper said. The story is based on a study that compared the ovarian cancer rates of post-menopausal women on a low-fat diet compared with those on a regular diet. Although the study was large, the link between the fat content of the diet and the risk of developing ovarian cancer remains unproven. A lower fat diet with a higher fruit and vegetable intake seems a sensible health choice, regardless of whether it reduces ovarian cancer risk.

Where did the story come from? This research was carried out by Ross L. Prentice and colleagues of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, and various other centres across the US. The study was funded by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal Journal of the National Cancer Institute.What kind of scientific study was this? This was a randomised controlled trial with the aim of investigating how the development of breast and colorectal cancer were affected by a low fat diet compared with a normal diet. The study also looked at other cancers that may be affected.

The risk of ovarian cancer was reduced by 40% by being in the diet group. The researchers of the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification trial randomly assigned 48,835 postmenopausal women between 1993 and 1998 to either a diet (dietary modification) group or a control group with a normal diet. 40% of the women were assigned to the diet group and they received group behavioural modification sessions at regular intervals. These sessions trained them about nutrition and educated them about the diet, which aimed to reduce the fat content to 20% of the daily total energy intake and to increase the consumption of fruit and vegetables to more than five servings per day and grains to greater than six servings per day. The women were followed up for an average of 8.1 years.

The women in the diet group had to recall their diet over the past four days or past 24 hours at start of the study, after one year, and then about every three years thereafter. Twice yearly, the women were asked about the development of any cancer and any reports were verified using medical records or pathology reports. The researchers report that women in this trial could also choose to take part in other randomised trials at the same time, which were investigating hormone replacement therapy and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. What were the results of the study? The researchers found that there were no differences between the diet and control groups in the rates of any cancer, with the exception of ovarian cancer.

They then divided the analysis into two periods to see if this made a difference to the results. For the first four years of the study still found no significant difference in the risk of ovarian cancer in the diet group, but when they looked at the last 4.1 years only, they found that the risk of ovarian cancer was reduced by 40% by being in the diet group.

online business

2009-03-09T07:57:00.003-07:00

BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure, measured with a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope by a nurse or other healthcare provider, is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries, resulting in the highest blood pressure as the heart contracts. One cannot take his or her own blood pressure unless an electronic blood pressure monitoring device is used. Electronic blood pressure monitors may also measure the heart rate, or pulse.

Two numbers are recorded when measuring blood pressure. The top number, or systolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart contracts and pumps blood through the body. The bottom number, or diastolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. Both the systolic and diastolic pressures are recorded as "mm Hg" (millimeters of mercury). This recording represents how high the mercury column is raised by the pressure of the blood.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, directly increases the risk of coronary heart disease (heart attack) and stroke (brain attack). With high blood pressure, the arteries may have an increased resistance against the flow of blood, causing the heart to pump harder to circulate the blood.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has determined two levels of high blood pressure for adults:Stage 1 -140 mm Hg to 159 mm Hg systolic pressure-higher number and 90 mm Hg to 99 mm Hg diastolic pressure-lower number Stage 2 -160 mm Hg or higher systolic pressure and100 mm Hg or higher diastolic pressure The NHLBI defines prehypertension as:120 mm Hg - 139 mm Hg systolic pressure and80 mm Hg - 89 mm Hg diastolic pressureThe NHLBI guidelines define normal blood pressure as follows:Less than 120 mm Hg systolic pressure and Less than 80 mm Hg diastolic pressure These numbers should be used as a guide only. A single elevated blood pressure measurement is not necessarily an indication of a problem. Your physician will want to see multiple blood pressure measurements over several days or weeks before making a diagnosis of hypertension (high blood pressure) and initiating treatment. A person who normally runs a lower-than-usual blood pressure may be considered hypertensive with lower blood pressure measurements than 140/90.

How does blood pressure increase?The following may contribute to an increase in blood pressure:being overweight,xcessive sodium intake, lack of exercise and physical activity

How is high blood pressure controlled? choosing foods that are low in sodium (salt).choosing foods low in calories and fat.,choosing foods high in starch and fiber.,maintaining a healthy weight, or losing weight if overweight.limiting serving sizes.,ncreasing physical activity.,educing or omitting alcoholic beverages.However, other people must take daily medication to control hypertension. People with hypertension should routinely have their blood pressure checked and be under the care of a physician.

online business

2009-03-09T07:57:00.001-07:00

YOGA FOUNDATION COURSE

BEGINNERS COURSES: Conducted for people who are new to YOGA, young or old, people who feel rigidity in their bodies, or anybody who feel stressed and health related problems can consider take this basic course. The practice include: pranayama, stretching, Surya Namaskara-I, basic asanas, Yogic-practice, relaxation techniques and more.Entries to this course are limited.

INTERMEDIATE COURSES:The class is designed for people who have been practicing yoga for some time. In this class students will be taught to hold in asanas for a longer period while performing intermediate asanas.

THERAPY COURSES: The course is based on the pancha kosha sidanta. It is designed to target health issues such as stress related problems, weight reduction, Asthma, Back-pain, knee pain, blood pressure, diabetes, menstrual problems, head-aches, constipation, spondlites, migraines and indigestion. This course can also help those who are already in good health but would like to take an extra milestone by taking a preventive measure to optimal health for a fit and slim body. The therapy is being done through yogic practices such as breathing, yoga kriyas, asanas, pranayama, and Dhayana.

BACK BENDING COURSE: in thispractice back become flexible and Strong, to sit for meditation. Practice includes Back Bending Asanas from the beginning to advance. Starts with simple back bending Asanas like Ardha Chakrasana, Setubandasana, Urdhva Dhanurasana, Shalabasana, A,B & C, Bekasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Ustrasana, Laguvajrasana, Kapotasana, Ekapada Rajakapotasana, and continues till Rajakapotasana, Poorna Shalabhasana, GandaBherundasana etc. The practice will be with the complimentary practice like twisting, forward bending, Balancing Asanas, and breathing techniques.
The classes are conducted in small groups, individual attention being the priority.

HIP-OPENING COURSE: In this People finding difficult to do asanas like Utthita hasta Padangudtasana, Ardha Baddha Padmottanasana, Virabhadrasana, Trianga Mukhaikapada Paschimottanasana, Marichyasana, A, B, C, & D. Bhujapidasana, Kurmasana, Supta Kurmasana, Garbapindasana, Kukkutasana, BaddaKonasana, Upavishta Konasana, Supta Padangustasana, A, B, & C, Padmasana, Pashasana, Krounchasana, Ardha Matsyendrasasa, Eka Pada Sirshasana, Dwi Pada Sirshasana, Yoga Nidrasana, Tittibasana, Vatayanasana, Etc.. we will help the Students Get this kind of asanas. Through Connected practice from Varies simple other asanas. During course the course students will work with one Direction with the help of other aspect.

PRANAYAMA COURSE: The teaching in this course will be from basic to advanced pranayamas and practice of Basic pranayama regularly. The course duration is three weeks. Everyday teaching is one hour.

online business

2009-03-09T07:56:00.002-07:00

UNITED TRUST HISTORY

The Trust Rules : The Trust's roots are in the formation of the independent supporters' group CISA (Cumbrians' Independent Supporters Association) back in 1999. The idea behind this organisation which was founded by Brian Hall, a long-standing supporters organiser, was to establish a totally independent fans group in the wake of the winding-down of the Official Supporters' Club and to look into the feasibility of forming a Trust. The CISA came into being before the dawning of a new age in football with the foundation of Supporters' Direct (SD) in 2000. SD is a government-funded body whose main role is to provide financial support and advice for new Supporters' Trusts.Although the CISA in its original form did not directly evolve into CCUIST, the efforts of Brian and his committee sparked interest in the idea of forming a Trust amongst other groups of fans and so it came to pass that in early 2001 a 'gang' of four of them got together in a pub outside Carlisle to thrash out the beginnings of what was to become CCUIST.

The First Group Of Valunteers:Working at first behind closed doors, the first group of volunteers held a series of meetings in and around Carlisle to get people involved and launch the Trust at a special public meeting to be held in the Sands on the morning of the final match of the 2000-01 season.A press launch was held a week before this momentous date and the first wave of application forms went out along with invitations to the big meeting on the following Saturday. Dick Young, Billy Rafferty and Ross Brewster all made appearances in the local media to kick the CCUIST idea into life and that first public meeting will go down in history as one of the biggest ever staged in Carlisle.

Financial Difficulties :Everything wasn't rosy though in the United garden. As the Cumbrians slid to the bottom of the league at the start of the 2003-04 season, and manager Roddy Collins was relieved of his position, it was becoming clear the club still had significant financial difficulties to overcome.Although they finally exited the CVA in October, they were still reliant to a great extent on John Courtenay's financial backing to keep on paying the bills.

Share Dispute : Brooks Mileson offered in November 2004 to make a one-off donation of £600,000 to the Trust to enable it to complete the purchase of 40% of Holdings as per the existing shareholders' agreement. Due to an impasse in negotiations with Fred Story, this was still in place.. Mr Story went to the High Court in November 2005 to try and get this injunction lifted but the Judge Sir Donald Rattee upheld it and put in place a surety of £80,000 upon the Trust . The new agreement allows the Trust to purchase 25.37% of shares in the club's holding company at a total cost of £800,000. Holdings can issue new shares but it must also offer them in an equal portion to the Trust at £1 each, enabling the Trust to protect its stake for future generations. Kate Rowley stood down as fans' rep as part of this new agreement and was replaced by Norman Steel with Chris Fuller as his deputy.The Trust has still to raise a portion of the final £85,000 needed to complete the 25.37% stake in CUFC Holdings Ltd. A new fundraising initiative has been launched to help raise the required cash.

online business

2009-03-09T07:56:00.001-07:00

SOCIAL INTIATIVES

The Indian ethos has always incorporated the concept of giving. Companies have an impact on society and the environment through their operations, products and services. Since beginning, we have always recognized the responsibility, which corporate should have towards the wider communities they operate in. The Social Accountability, SA 8000, initiated by JSPL is a rock solid step towords maintaining corporate awareness and conscientiousness. In today's age, philanthropy is giving way to sustainable development programs. And we have taken many initiatives to touch the lives of millions of people who are left out of world's economic expansion. Some of them are:EducationPrograms- nurturing the young mindsWe are contributing towards the development of the nation at large and have identified education as a key priority area. Imparting education to the youth is amongst the basic and most productive measures, as it aims at nurturing the talent and reshaping the youth. A 10+2 co-educational, O. P. Jindal School, with an investment over Rs. 5 Crore, has been operational at Raigarh for a long time and the oldest girl's school in the region has also been renovated to offer better education standard.

Medical and healthcare facilities :We endeavor to enhance the quality of life of a common man through better access to essential services. Availability of medical facilities by setting up charitable clinics and hospitals is yet another aspect of our social initiative. To take care of patients, an ICU unit at the general hospital at Raigarh, has been set up. Medical camps, regularly organized thrice every week, have benefited more than 40,000 people in the district and women welfare programs are organized regularly. We are constantly working towards providing world-class health facilities to the people of Raigarh at the 100-bedd multi-specialty O. P. Jindal Hospital & Research Centre.

The facilities including medicine, surgery, gyne, orthopedics, pediatrics, well-equipped 4 Nos. of Operation Theatres, a Cardiac ICU, a Burn ICU, a Neo-natal ICU and has plans to install complete investigation facilities like pathology lab, X-ray lab, ECHO color Doppler, Endoscopy, CT – Scan.All round development of children and youths
Our scope of social activities extends beyond healthcare facilities to encompass the cultural and sports arena. To cite an example, the Kamla Nehru Park in the city has been developed and is being maintained by us. JSPL has also developed a unique Musical Fountain in Riagarh. Apart from this, many cultural and sports events are organized from time to time that act as a platform for recreation as well as expression of latent talents.
employee welfare :

Welfare of the employees and their families interest at Raigarh plant is of prime concern to us which is evident from the world-class Jindal Township. The Clubhouse at the plant is a 50 Rooms property with deluxe, super deluxe & presidential rooms adjacent to a beautiful hill, surrounded by gardens up to 5 acres. It’s a world-class rejuvenation, health center and soon will have ultra modern facilities like: state-of-the-art fitness centre, full-fledged Spa having various treatments - India, Indonesian, Swedish, Balinese, a naturopathy & yoga centre, adventure club comprising of trekking, hiking, mountain biking, parasailing, rappling & rock climbing and a sports complex with Polo Lounge, and Horse Riding as well.

online business

2009-03-09T07:55:00.002-07:00

Department Of Social Work :

established in 1967, the Department of Social Work was the first institute to offer Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) course in India. It started MA (Social Work) in 1976. The center developed an indigenous approach to social work education. It offers MA in Human Resource Management also. The department’s community outreach programme was instrumental in the setting up of the Zakir Husain Memorial Welfare Society and the Child Guidance Centre. The University Grants Commission accorded the department DSA status in 1991 and provided infrastructure support under UGC-ASHISS programme in 2005. The department’s course design enables a student to get about 1200 hours of fieldwork experience for HRM,1440 hours for MSW and 1200 hours for BSW. Post graduate students work with NGOs, Government Social Welfare Agencies and business organizations for fifty days in a year.The department has an active placement cell that organizes campus recruitment and placement. Most of its students are placed by the time they complete the course.

DSA Status (UGC):In 1991, it earned the status of the Department of Special Assistance (DSA) from the University Grants Commission. It was the first department in Jamia, and the youngest Social Work department in the country, to earn this status. The (DSA) status enabled the department to develop academic, technical, administrative and infrastructure resources. It also conferred on the department higher responsibilities in developing teaching, research and extension in the chosen thrust areas of Social Development and Human Resource Management. In the first phase of the DSA, the department brought about trend-setting changes.

The department started MA in Human Resource Management, incorporating its Social Work philosophy and its experience. Our students are much sought after in the Human Resource Management and Social Work areas in India and abroad. Incorporating the need of Developmental Social Work, the department also started two academic streams-Social Welfare and Social Development-within Social Work. The department is now in the third phase of the DSA status. The department has also initiated exchange programmes with other universities. The department got special assistance for infrastructure development in the form of ASHISS as recognition of extra ordinary service rendered by the department.

Ph. D. M.A. Social Work M. A. (HRM) B. A. (Hons.) Social Work Post Graduate Diploma in NGOs Management (Evening course) PG Diploma in Child Rights (Evening Course) Social Research in diverse areas has always been a major activity of the Department. A number of research and action projects are ongoing.The exchange programme with Erfurt University, Germany has opened new windows of learning. It has mutually benefited students and teachers of both the Departments.Addressing the emerging needs of professionals in the non-governmental organisations in the area of management, the Department introduced a Post-graduate Diploma in NGO Management in the year 2004. This is an evening course taught by both the internal and external faculty. The latter comprises practitioners and experts from various governmental and non-governmental organisations.

online business

2009-03-09T07:55:00.001-07:00

SHEDULE CASTE WELFARE

The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is the nodal Ministry to oversee the interests of the Scheduled Castes. Though the primary responsibility for promotion of interests of the Scheduled Castes rests with all the Central Ministries in the area of their operations and the State Governments, the Ministry complements their efforts by way of interventions in critical sectors through specifically tailored schemes. Efforts made by State Governments and Central Ministries for protecting and promoting the interests of Scheduled Castes are also monitored.

.Under the Scheduled Castes Development Bureau, the Ministry implements Schedules Caste Sub-Plan (SCSP) which is an umbrella strategy to ensure flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from all the general sectors of development for the benefit of Scheduled Castes. Under the strategy, States/UTs are required to formulate and implement Special Component Plan (SCP) for Scheduled Castes as part of their Annual Plans by earmarking resources. At present 27 States/UTs having sizeable SC population are implementing Schedules Caste Sub-Plan.

Another policy initiative for the development of Scheduled Castes is Special Central Assistance to Special Component Plan, in which cent percent assistance is given as additive to Schedules Caste Sub-Plan of the States/UTs on the basis of certain criteria such as SC population of the States/UTs, relative backwardness of the States/UTs percentage SC families in the States/UTs covered by composite economic development programmes in the State Plan to enable them to cross the poverty line, percentage of SCP to the Annual Plan as compared to SC population percentage of the States/UTs.

The National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) set up under the Ministry provides credit facilities to persons belonging to Scheduled castes living below double the poverty line limits (presently Rs.40,000/- p.a. for rural areas and Rs.55,000/- p.a. for urban areas), for income generating activities.Another Corporation under the Ministry viz. National Safai Karamcharis Finance& Development Cooporation(NSKFDC) provides credit facilities to beneficiaries viz. Safai Karamcharis, scavengers and their dependents for income generating activities for socio-economic development through State Channelising Agencies.

The Ministry implements two Acts for protecting the civil rights of the Scheduled Castes viz. (i) Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and (ii) the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989).The Ministry also deals with the following important issues, with regard to Scheduled Castes Development :Monitoring of points 11(A) of 20 point programme – Justice to Scheduled Castes.Affirmative Action including reservation in private sector for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

online business

2009-03-09T07:54:00.004-07:00

HISTORY OLYMPIC PRAQUE

26.03.2007 16:52 - P r and h and - Three times will Prague examine courting with international Olympic collection. Previous two advances arrange games are over always inglorious. A how go in for Twentieth Century typical, capital you-break teeth among others on policy. Historian sport and Olympic motion Francis wheelwright prove this story, which he began write at the end 19. century, tell very attractive.“in the year 1896 returned George Guth-Jarkovsky, one from twelve founder Olympic of the board, from her in Athens. The experience him thrilled. Saw there everywhere bunting, national pride and subaudi, do you st. of that kind would can help and Czech,” begins paint beginning Olympic anabaze wheelwright.Whole Jarkovskeho plan below password “isn’t important take part in , but win” he began put on concrete outlines, when in the year 1919 became a secretary-general international Olympic of the board. “”no other Czech it so high up ,” remind of wheelwright.Thanks , do you big propagator sport became a top marshal president Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka, go everything like after steel wool.

“Jarkovsky prove altogether easily persuade then foreign minister Edvarda Beneše, do you Olympic Games is able to first-rate advertise emergent Czechoslovakia abroad,” explains like pragmatic enthusiasm Gutha-Jarkovskeho.Paris had Olympic Games, Prague only big congress Struggle for summer Olympic games 1924 he began. Then – already was almost rotten, do you really break out. But to the events hit friendship Czech Gutha Jarkovského and founder Olympic cogitations, baron Pierra de Coubertina. “”explained him, do you already him there is a draught on sixty times, do you already is it elder statesman and he would like with Olympic Games disjoin at home, in Paris,” summarises Coubertins case wheelwright. When the in addition baron passed on table profitable offers, namely arrange in Prague in the year 1925 big Olympic congress, Guth-Jarkovsky agreed.

“strike a bargain. It nor wasn’t other way out, after economic crisis support games espressivo grown cold,” after-concerning historian Czech olympismu.Capital Czechoslovakia so in the end nor officially dont interest in games.“nevertheless is in statistics international Olympic of the board state, do you at that time Prague about games make an effort. At that time indeed cities about Olympic Games escape in quite a different way,” point head Czech Olympic of the board Milan Jirásek on reality, do you earlier was everything less official – cities didn’t have to serve apply for nor argue, Whole it go out taperingly,” says Francis wheelwright.After wars solve Czechoslovakia other problems and on distribution her didn’t have cogitations. A nor money.

Change come in the year 1967, when to the armchair head Czech Olympic of the board sit down professor Emanuel Bosák. “”big functionary, but so similar lunatic, like used to be at the turn of 19. and 20. century Joseph Rossler Oøovský,” gloss Bosaka wheel wright.When the about games fight Czechs and Soviet Bosak arbitrated, that in 1980 will treat Olympic Games Prague. Things swoop properly – processed were preparatory study, money had give to exchequer and friendly country socialistic block. A largely: supports have an idea and near companion in Soviet Union.

online business

2009-03-09T07:54:00.003-07:00

Government rubs salt in old wounds

MUMBAI, June 4: Iodised vs non-iodised, cheap vs exorbitant, branded vs non-branded salt... As the government ponders over the health of the nation's vast populace, social activists accuse policy-makers of stealing from the consumer something far more basic than a pinch of lowly common salt.As the chorus of opposition to the Centre's May 28 notification banning the sale of non-iodised salt reaches a crescendo, a quieter debate has erupted over the sale of iodised salt. Social organisation protecting consumers' rights point out that the Maharashtra government's failure to make available cheap iodised salt (as opposed to branded varieties which cost much more) has in effect suppressed the Mumbaikar's right to choose.The government's argument that the Mumbaikar's enhanced purchasing power automatically makes consumers opt for branded varieties and thus closes the market for cheap salt, is a contradiction in terms as the question of choice does not arise.

It is precisely this attitude which has allowedbranded varieties manufactured by private firms a monopoly of 80 per cent in the Mumbai market, they point out.The only salt available in Mumbai is the branded variety, which costs Rs 7 whereas iodised, inexpensive salt, sold elsewhere in the state and country, costs as little as Rs 1.50 a kg to a maximum Rs 3.``Getting the cheap variety of iodised salt is very difficult. we had to go beyond Bhayendar to procure it,'' admits an official in the Salt Department office in Mumbai.

Deputy Salt Superintendent for the Western Region, M A Ansari, claims this kind of salt is not easily available as Mumbaikars don't want cheap iodised salt. Brands like Tata Salt and Captain Cook corner a meagre 12 per cent of the market in the country and it is only in a metropolis like Mumbai that their sales zoom. ``In the rest of Maharashtra, you can easily avail of the Rs 2 iodised salt,'' he says. The inexpensive variety can and will be made available if there is a marketfor it, he underscores, elucidating: ``In Gandhidham, such salt costs 75 paise per kilo. If there is a demand for it, it can be brought to Mumbai and be sold at Rs 2 per kilo... but there are no buyers,'' Ansari underscores. He says people in Mumbai can afford to spend Rs 5 extra per kg and are hence not interested in purchasing cheap salt.However, Haribaksh Gadodia, spearheading the Namak Satyagrah Movement, does not buy the argument. ``A major part of Mumbai's population belongs to the middle class or lower middle class. If they can save a few rupees, they would definitely not buy the Tatas and the Captain Cooks,'' he argues. Says B C Bagade of the Maharashtra Sarvodaya Mandal, ``Ideally, the government should provide the consumer with non-iodised salt.

``The Salt Department notification says the iodine per kg of salt should not cost more than 10 paise. Taking into account the profit margins of the sellers and the cost of salt, the sale price should not be over Rs 2,'' Gadodia explains.Moreover, the government also provides the machinery to add iodine to salt, free. ``It is only the machines bought by the big companies to make salt free-flowing that cost crores of rupees, which they try to recover from the consumer, thus hiking the price,'' Gadodia says. Of the over 4 lakh tonnes consumed in Maharashtra per annum, only 2 lakh tonnes are produced in the state.

online business

2009-03-09T07:54:00.001-07:00

PERSONAL HEALTH; Gaining Weight on Sugar-Free, Fat-Free Diets

Why with the abundance of artificially sweetened, low-fat and nonfat foods now widely available, do Americans continue to get fatter and fatter? And why, with the endless stream of popular diets and weight-loss plans, do Americans repeatedly fail at losing weight and keeping it off? If you know the answers to these questions, you have already taken the first step toward permanent weight control. If you don't know, I'll tell you.
What Americans Eat ,We only think we're eating carefully by choosing sugar-free or fat-free foods. Most fat-free foods have nearly as many calories as their full-fat counterparts. One-half cup of fat-free pudding, 140 calories; regular, 160. Five fat-free soda crackers, 50 calories; regular, 60. One ounce of fat-free pretzels, 110; regular, 110. Furthermore, most people fail to note the portion size that supplies the specified number of calories, or they think they can have double the amount they usually eat because the food is fat-free.

Calories always count, whether they come from fat, sugar, starch or protein. Read the nutrition information on the label of all packaged foods to know what you are eating and determine the appropriate portion. Despite the popularity of artificial sweeteners, Americans continue to increase their consumption of caloric sweeteners. Since 1970, annual per capita consumption of sugar and other caloric sweeteners has risen by nearly 30 pounds. Artificial sweeteners merely feed the desire for the real thing. While the percentage of calories from fat we consume per person has fallen, from about 42 percent to 34 percent, we now consume about 10 pounds of added fats and oils more than we did in 1970. Consumption of cheese is also way up, thanks to our passion for pizza, cheeseburgers, tacos and the like. The percentage of calories from fat has declined only because we are consuming more calories. Home cooking, where the cook knows exactly what is in each dish, has fallen off sharply. More than 40 percent of the American food dollar is now spent on foods eaten out. Restaurant portions are typically two or more times larger than they should be, and they are often loaded with hidden calories. When 203 dietitians were asked to estimate the calorie and fat content of five restaurant meals, they were often way off. They guessed that a hamburger and onion rings would provide 863 calories and 44 grams of fat when the meal contained 1,550 calories and 101 grams of fat. They thought a tuna salad sandwich had 374 calories and 18 grams of fat when the displayed sandwich actually contained 720 calories and 43 grams of fat. Consumption of snack foods continues to rise, with new high-calorie snacks luring consumers away from more nutritious and lower calorie alternatives like fruit or yogurt. One Mrs. Field's oatmeal raisin walnut cookie has 240 calories; one Au Bon Pain blueberry muffin, 430 calories; one Starbucks cinnamon scone, 530 calories.
What Should We Eat? You know the answer: lots of fruits and vegetables and grain-based foods rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals and low in calories, fleshed out with modest amounts of animal protein -- four-ounce portions of well-trimmed meat, skinless poultry or fish -- and low-fat and nonfat dairy foods. Not only would such a diet reduce caloric intake, it would also significantly reduce the risk of developing a long list of chronic, often fatal diseases, including heart disease and many cancers.

online business

2009-03-09T07:53:00.003-07:00

New York Bids for Welfare Hotel, a Symbol of Homeless Plight

LEAD: New York City announced plans yesterday to buy and shut down the Holland Hotel, a midtown welfare hotel that has become a symbol of the plight of homeless families in the city. The city wants to renovate and convert the hotel to a residence for homeless people who are elderly or mentally ill. New York City announced plans yesterday to buy and shut down the Holland Hotel, a midtown welfare hotel that has become a symbol of the plight of homeless families in the city. The city wants to renovate and convert the hotel to a residence for homeless people who are elderly or mentally ill. Stella Schindler, a top aide to Mayor Koch, said that under the plan, most of the 153 families living at the hotel would be offered apartments in city-owned buildings by July. ''The Holland has been a symbol of everything that has been wrong with the system for homeless families,'' Miss Schindler said. ''Now it will be a symbol of our efforts to get out of the hotels.''

Under the plan, to be filed today in Federal Bankruptcy Court in Manhattan, the city would sign an agreement to buy the hotel and would immediately begin moving out the families. Both the owner and the operator of the hotel have filed for bankruptcy. After the city holds hearings on the purchase and takes title to the hotel, at 351 West 42d Street, it plans to renovate it and turn it over to a nonprofit group to run as a supervised residence for the elderly and mentally ill homeless, she said.

The plan was hailed by community groups and advocates for the homeless who have long opposed the use of privately owned hotels that charge an average of more than $1,800 a month to house a family of four in a single room. City officials said the Holland Hotel, which at times housed more than 273 families on welfare, stood out even among the squalor of other welfare hotels, for its poor security, uncooperative management and unsavory atmosphere a few steps away from Times Square. At one time the hotel had accumulated more than 1,000 violations, and the city is now seeking to have a former hotel operator jailed for contempt for violating a consent decree last year, in which he agreed to fix up the building. Rare Glimpse at Hotel Books The hotel also became a symbol of the system, when the owner of the hotel, a corporation controlled by Rajendra Sethia, a wealthy Indian businessman, went bankrupt in 1985, with several hundred million dollars in debts worldwide. The bankruptcy opened the hotel's books for a rare glimpse of how a welfare hotel operates, showing that the hotel made profits of $3 million to $4 million a year on revenues of $6 million, according to court records. The disclosure, disputed by the hotel's operator, created an image of wealthy hotel owners profiteering on the misery of homeless women and children that eventually led to a pending proposal by the Federal Government to cut off its emergency aid for welfare hotels. The Federal Government pays half the costs of an emergency hotel stay. John Pereira, a trustee appointed by the bandruptcy court, said that he would file the sale plan with Judge Prudence B. Abram today and that he hoped to schedule a hearing on the matter by next week. City officials said they would not disclose the purchase price, pending the court filing today. But one official put the price at between $10 million and $15 million.

online business

2009-03-09T07:53:00.001-07:00

INVESTIGATORS SEEK TO SOLVE MANY PUZZLES IN HOTEL FIRE

LEAD: Investigators tried today to narrow the search for answers to the many puzzling questions concerning the New Year's Eve fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel. Investigators tried today to narrow the search for answers to the many puzzling questions concerning the New Year's Eve fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel. On one question at least, Federal arson investigators said that no evidence of structural damage consistent with a bomb had been uncovered. The possibility of a planted bomb was uppermost in the minds of many hotel guests who reported hearing two or three ''explosions'' emanating from the hotel in the first minutes of the fire. The police said today that they had been warned of a bomb threat or other form of assault at the hotel on Wednesday, just 90 minutes before the fire broke out. But the comments of the Federal investigators seemed to cast doubt on that theory.

Three days after the fire, many other questions remain unanswered over the sequence of events leading up to the calamity, its cause and what transpired in the fateful minutes after it was first discovered. Arson or Negligence? At the heart of the mystery is whether the fire was set or if it was an accident, one perhaps caused by negligence. If it was set, what was the motive and what consequence was desired? If it was by negligence, what conditions contributed to it and what individuals could be held liable as a basis of claims against the hotel's designers or its owners? Political terrorism by anti-American, pro-independence groups has generally been directed against government and military installations or personnel in Puerto Rico, not average citizens or tourists. Yet Puerto Rican terrorists have been behind indiscriminate acts of terrorism on the mainland United States, most notably the January 1974 lunchtime bombing of the Fraunces Tavern in Manhattan in which five patrons were killed and 80 injured.

Political and tourism leaders in Puerto Rico have been quick to say there was no political motive behind the Dupont Plaza disaster. But Federal investigators will not discount a possible link until they have a chance to take a close look at the bitter labor dispute at the hotel. Investigators will almost certainly want to question Jorge Farinacci, a San Juan lawyer who was negotiating a labor contract with the hotel on behalf of Local 901 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, which represents 250 of the hotel's workers. Was at Meeting at Hotel Mr. Farinacci was at a meeting of about 100 union members in the hotel's beach-level ballroom at 3 o'clock Wednesday afternoon to discuss a last-minute contract offer before a midnight strike deadline, according to the hotel management.

Mr. Farinacci is currently free on $1 million bail after his indictment in 1985 on a Federal charge growing out of the 1983 robbery of $7 million from a Wells Fargo depot in West Hartford, Conn. Twelve other defendants in that case have been linked to Los Macheteros, described by Federal officials as a Puerto Rican terrorist outfit. Los Macheteros has taken responsibility for several terrorist attacks, including the 1979 machinegun attack on a Navy bus in Puerto Rico that killed two sailors and wounded 10 others. Mr. Farinacci has denied any connections with terrorists.

online business

2009-03-09T07:52:00.000-07:00

A Model English Garden

HOW often have I wished for a third dimension and perfect color reproduction while browsing the pages of nursery catalogues? Will a particular shrub prove dense enough to hide an unsightly pipe? Will the pinks of clusiana tulips sit well beside the blue of an established ceanothus? And how quickly can I expect a new hedge to protect me from the neighbor's wolfhound? The British, passionate gardeners that they be, have an answer: Wisley Garden. This extraordinary resource is a growing catalogue of much of the dazzling range of plants suited to Britain's temperate climate. Maintained by the dean of gardening fraternities, the Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley is 28 miles southwest of Hyde Park Corner in London and is open to all comers. Visitors seeking a classic English landscape garden that is a coherent outgrowth of its site will be disconcerted, for Wisley is an amalgam of happy horticultural episodes, making up not one garden but many, and focused on individual subjects and techniques rather than overall design.

Visitors enter through handsome gates, twined with wrought-iron poppies in honor of the Rev. William Wilks, Vicar of Shirley, Surrey, who bred the Shirley poppies. Spring visitors usually hasten to Battleston Hill, past the unfolding herbaceous borders lining the Broadwalk, which, for purposes of orientation, runs roughly north to south. More ridge than hill, Battleston in spring flames with rhododendrons. The land was originally annexed to Wisley in the late 30's, and its soil, as well as the fact that several of the society's 20th-century presidents and influential staff members were distinguished rhododendron fanciers, assured the garden's strength in this genus. Originally, rhododendrons, azaleas and camellias benefited from a thick canopy of oaks, chestnuts and pines, but storms in 1987 and 1990 decimated these mature trees. Heroic clearing and replanting have returned order to the swirling paths, where the evergreen azalea "Mother's Day,"with its lipstick-red blossoms, and the white-edged ground-cover Hosta sieboldii (syn. albomarginata) and all their relations catch the eye.

On the south side of the hill lies Portsmouth Field, the society's chief trial ground for comparing cultivars -- the only such trials that have worldwide acceptance and that extend to perennial materials. Delphiniums, dahlias, chrysanthemums, sweet peas and irises are among the subjects on permanent trial; other plants profit from annual trials. Whatever the subject, visiting gardeners gather at Portsmouth Field to choose next year's plantings as well as assimilate new techniques by observing the to-ings and fro-ings of Wisley's 100-strong staff, a third of whom are students. At the north foot of Battleston Hill a series of model gardens suggests ways to adapt good gardening practice to a typical 70- by 35-foot back garden and grants visitors from abroad a chance to peek over the fence at the best of what goes on behind the often monotonous facades of British row houses.

Conceived for newlyweds, a growing family or enthusiastic gardeners, the model gardens blend good hard landscaping with clever planting including some fruits and vegetables -- ideas that can be adapted for the more extreme weather in the Northeastern United States. A comprehensive model herb garden -- both medicinal and culinary -- spreads before the entrance to the greenhouses.

online business

2009-03-09T07:51:00.002-07:00

A Garden Caught in a Housing Squeeze

Gardeners look at the corner of Crimmins Avenue and East 141st Street in the Bronx and marvel at the transformation of a vacant, garbage-strewn lot frequented by drug dealers into the garden of their dreams. There are flowers, vegetables and herbs. There are tables for dominoes, a scampering puppy and even a chicken coop.The other day they planted a tree, a Canadian hemlock. ''We are here to tell heaven and earth we are planting a new tree,'' a man said in Spanish, as two dozen people stood in a circle. ''This will be its home.'' Not for long. Others look at the site of the Crimmins Group Association Garden and envision houses rising from the spot where two six-story apartment buildings burned down more than a quarter-century ago. They endorse the Giuliani administration's decision to turn the city-owned lot over to a nonprofit group in November for construction of three two-unit homes -- the continuation of a housing renaissance that has added 30,000 units to the borough over the last decade.

And housing remains a critical need, particularly in this tattered corner of Mott Haven, where there are just six vacancies among 921 housing units, said Lee Stuart, lead organizer for South Bronx Churches. Her group is to build the homes on the garden site. ''There is literally no place where people can move,'' Ms. Stuart said. ''It's just tight, tight, tight.'' Both gardeners and builders are convinced that they are helping the neighborhood. The community gardeners point to their history of coming into devastated slums and transforming them with sweat into urban oases. Housing advocates assert that the city's greatest need is affordable housing, though many commend gardeners for filling in the temporary voids with blossoms. For years, the two sides have maintained something of a truce. But City Hall has begun pressing for faster development of city-owned vacant lots, partly because of tightening space for housing. To further this goal, it recently transferred the bulk of the 750 community garden sites to the Department of Housing Preservation and Development.

Although the city has no immediate development plans for most of the sites, the gardeners fear that their dream has begun to wither. Beginning in the early 1970's, as squatters, they began to reclaim vacant lots one by one. The process was institutionalized in 1978 when a city agency, Green Thumb, was established to oversee the gardens, using Federal anti-poverty grants. The number of gardens grew to 410 in 1983. Then the growth slowed, and began to reverse in the last year, according to garden organizations. ''Community gardeners have earned the right not to have to fight for their gardens,'' declared Steven Frillmann, executive director of Green Guerrillas, a principal advocate. ''They are like poster people for the quality of life.'' Although there have been demonstrations and court battles over the loss of gardens on the Lower East Side and Upper West Side, those are aberrations. In most cases, the gardeners leave quietly. The strongest response from most gardeners at the Crimmins Avenue site was that they just wished it was not happening.

''Maybe they give me another one,'' Cruz Concepcion, the garden president, said quietly. ''We are poor. We need a place like this.''When the group is evicted in November, it will be the second time it has been kicked out of a garden.

online business

2009-03-09T07:51:00.001-07:00

Plain Old Milk? Not Anymore

Those who remember the days when supermarkets offered only two kinds of milk, whole or skim, probably remember the Yankee's winning the World Series on a regular basis, not just every 18 years. Milk is no longer, well, just milk. There is whole milk, 2 percent, 1 percent, skim, fortified skim, lactose-reduced, lactose-free and farm-fresh in bottles. There is goat's milk and organic milk, in whole, low-fat or skim. There is even something called Replace, a new skim milk fortified with oat flour to improve it texture and add fiber. In coming months, supermarkets are likely to be making room for a plethora of flavored milks and milk-based drinks. Brian Swette, the executive vice president for marketing at the Pepsi-Cola Company, which has introduced Smooth Moos, a low-fat drink that is 70 percent milk and comes in flavors like strawberry and banana, called milk ''the last undeveloped beverage frontier.''

Today, variety drives every part of the supermarket. ''People expect choices,'' said Michael Rourke, a senior vice president of A. & P., which owns about 1,000 supermarkets, including the Food Emporium and Waldbaum's chains. ''Ten years ago the average supermarket had about 15,000 items. Today, it's 40,000.'' Mr. Rourke said that A. & P., has expanded the space devoted to milk and, by eliminating duplication, has tried to provide room for specialty milks like the Lactaid and organic varieties. As a result, when it comes to basic milk - whole, 2 percent, 1 percent and skim - the stores no longer stock several brands. ''We now carry only our own private-label American's Choice brand,'' he said. ''We can control it better in terms of space and also freshness.''

Milk, that wholesome beverage for the Cleaver family and for many Americans in decades past, began showing signs of change about 20 years ago. The consumption of whole milk, which accounted for more than 70 percent of milk sales in 1974, dropped 10 percent, from 19.5 gallons per capita a year in 1974 to 17.6 gallons in 1977. By 1990, consumption had fallen to 9.7 gallons. And last year, it dropped to 8.1 gallons of whole milk, which accounted for only 35 percent of total milk sales.

During this same period, per-capita consumption of low-fat milk, the 1 percent and 2 percent varieties, more than doubled, from 5.2 gallons in 1974 to 10.5 gallons in 1995. Skim milk started its upward trend about a decade ago, from an annual consumption of 1.4 gallons per person in 1985 to 3.6 gallons per person last year. ''Today, skim milk is the fastest-growing category,'' said Susan Ruland, the director of communications for the Milk Industry Foundation, a trade group in Washington. In large part because of skim's success, the foundation estimates that in 1996, for the first time in two decades, consumption will increase, inching upward to 22.5 gallons per person, from 22.3 gallons last year. Some of the increase may be due to the industry's $52 million ''milk mustache'' advertising campaign, which started in January 1995. Adults were not mistaken about the calories and fat, at least in some kinds of milk. An 8-ounce glass of old-fashioned whole milk contains 150 calories, 8.2 grams of fat and 33.2 milligrams of cholesterol. Two percent milk has 121 calories, 4.7 grams of fat and 18.3 milligrams of cholesterol. One percent has 102 calories, 2.6 grams of fat and 9.8 milligrams of cholesterol. And most skim milk has 85.5 calories, 0.4 grams of fat and 4.4 milligrams of cholesterol.

online business

2009-03-09T07:50:00.002-07:00

EATING WELL; Cow's Milk And Children

THE Physicians Committee on Responsible Medicine, whose interests include both preventive medicine and alternatives to animal research, has declared war on that great American icon milk. "Parents," the committee said in a statement released in Boston yesterday, "should be alerted to the potential risks to their children from cow's-milk products." It added, "Milk should not be required or recommended in Government guidelines." But while many pediatric experts say that cow's milk should not be given to infants, they strongly disagree with some of the committee's recommendations. The major problem with their position," said Dr. Ronald Kleinman, chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics committee on nutrition, "is that they are unnecessarily frightening parents who worry that they will do harm if they continue to allow their children to have dairy products. There is no single perfect food, but milk is a major source of a number of important nutrients." The committee asserted yesterday that milk is an unhealthful food because it has too much fat, produces iron deficiency in infants, causes diabetes in children with the genetic predisposition to the disease and is responsible for colic, allergies and digestive problems.

The presence of Dr. Benjamin Spock on the panel at the news conference appeared to lend weight to the committee's contentions and recommendations. But in a telephone interview yesterday, Dr. Spock made it clear that he agreed only that breast-feeding is the preferred method of infant feeding and that whole milk from cows should not be given to infants under a year old because of the risk of anemia. "I won't say, 'Don't drink milk,' " said the 89-year-old Dr. Spock, who through his book "Baby and Child Care" has helped millions of American parents raise their children. "There is evidence accumulating that it is not good for infants." The Physicians Committee, based in Washington, has carried that word of caution many steps further. "Milk," said Dr. Neal D. Barnard, committee's director, "is a perfect food for calves and is well tolerated by some Caucasians, but for others it's a problem. I don't recommend milk for anyone."

There is no argument that milk, with the exception of skim varieties, is high in fat and very low in iron. It is also known to cause allergies, and diarrhea and gas in people who are lactose intolerant. The big question, and the main one on which the committee is basing its warning, is whether cow's milk contributes to juvenile diabetes. A Finnish study, reported in the July 30 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, suggests that in many cases juvenile diabetes may be triggered by an immune-system response to proteins in cow's milk in infants.

Dr. Barnard called this study proof of the link, but Sara King, the research director of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, said, "It is much too premature to make recommendations on dietary restrictions." Ms. King said she was "very uncomfortable taking a stand against dairy products for young children." But others agree, at least partly, with Dr. Barnard's position that cows milk is not good for humans. Dr. Frank Oski, director of the department of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine said, "There is no redeeming feature to cow's milk that should make people drink it." But he added: "It is relatively safe to drink milk after about a year or a year and a half. It's not going to kill you."

online business

2009-03-09T07:50:00.001-07:00

Got Milk? How to Make Yogurt

This is the VOA Special English Development Report.Yogurt is a healthy food that can be made at home. One way to make it is to first buy some yogurt from a store or purchase dry yogurt culture. Add two small spoonfuls of the yogurt to two cups of milk. This will be the starter for your own yogurt. A cup in the United States is two hundred forty milliliters. When making yogurt, it is very important to have clean equipment, clean hands and good temperature control.

Pour eight cups of milk into a large cooking pot. Heat the milk to eighty-five degrees Celsius. Then cool the milk quickly to forty-three degrees. To do this, you can put the cooking pot in cool water. Keep the yogurt at forty-three degrees and add one-half cup of the starter. The remaining starter can be kept for later use. If you want a thicker yogurt, you can also add one-third of a cup of dry milk.

Cover the pot and keep it at a temperature of forty to forty-five degrees Celsius for four to six hours. After that, your homemade yogurt is ready. It can be left at room temperature for up to twelve hours if you like a stronger taste. You can add fruit, nuts, honey or spices.

Yogurt can be made with milk from cows or other animals including goats, sheep, water buffalo and camels. It can be spelled y-o-g-u-r-t or y-o-g-h-u-r-t. More information on making it can be found at Web sites such as practicalaction.org. Now, from yogurt, we move on to another ancient and related food -- cheese.

Parmigiano-Reggiano is the king of Italy's cheeses. People worldwide use it on pasta and other foods. The traditional Italian cheese is produced on several hundred farms around the northern city of Parma. Cheese makers age it for at least twelve months in large rounds called wheels. Parmigiano-Reggiano producers say now they are struggling with the financial crisis. Sales of the cheese and a lower-priced version, Grana Padano, are down in Italy. Prices for producers have dropped. And low-priced copies are on the market.

Now comes a rescue plan for the industry. Italy's government has made available enough money to buy two hundred thousand wheels of Parmigiano-Reggiano. Charitable organizations then will give the cheese -- more than sixty million dollars' worth -- to poor people.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Karen Leggett with additional reporting by Sabina Castelfranco in Parma.

online business

2009-03-09T07:49:00.002-07:00

THE RAINBOW SHARK

The Rainbow Shark is a very popular freshwater fish that looks like a shark but isn't one at all. It has a streamline shaped body much like a saltwater shark and is a quick swimmer. It's body is grey colored while it's fins and tail are red. It also has a black patch towards the end of it's body near it's tail. A very hardy fish, the Rainbow Shark will accept a broad range of water conditions. The aquarium should have one or two caves for the shark to hide in and use as a shelter. Other than that they are not picky about plants and gravel in the aquarium. Preferred water temperature is between 72 and 79 degrees. Make sure the tank is cycled before adding a Rainbow Shark. The Rainbow Shark swims mostly in the lower level of the aquarium and spends it's time eating algae of gravel plants and aquarium decor. They are very fond of algae but will also eat flakes and even small fish that will fit in their mouth. These fish are great for cleaning up scraps of food that fall to the bottom of the tank.

To tell the male Rainbow Shark apart from the female the male has a black lined anal fin and is thinner. However, breeding them is very difficult because of their intolerance towards other Rainbow Sharks. Two Rainbow Sharks are more likely to fight than spawn but they could spawn if water conditions are optimal. If you like sharks and want to keep one of your own this is a great aquarium fish to keep. They are territorial and may chase away other fish but they will rarely cause damage. In a good sized tank one Rainbow Shark is a great addition for its shark like appearance and ease of keeping.

THE TIGER BARB:

The Tiger Barb is a very popular aquarium fish. They are short, round shaped fish with tiger like stripes on their side. They grow to be about 3 inches long. They are a very lively schooling fish. Tiger Barbs have a reputation of being aggressive and nippy. They have been known to nip at the fins of tank mates. They are not suitable tank mates of Gouramis, Betas, Angelfish, and other fish that have long fins. Keeping them in medium to large schools will keep the aggression level down. Tiger Barbs are not recommended for a community tank. A tank that is going to hold Tiger Barbs should be completely cycled before adding them. They are also prone to a parasite called Ich. It is a good idea to have some kind of treatment on hand when first adding any Tiger Barbs to a new tank. A good tank setup will have some hardy plants, a soft gravel bottom and a nice open area for swimming.

Tiger Barbs will pair up and breed if water conditions are right. Soft and slightly acid water with a temperature of about 80 degrees will encourage spawning. A spawning pair will scatter up to 200 eggs over the aquarium gravel. The parents should then be moved to prevent them from eating the eggs. The eggs hatch in about 3 days. Tiger Barbs will eat all types of live foods and flakes. They are very active and fun to keep. Tiger Barbs can be found in several color variations, 2 popular ones are the green and albino morphs. When kept in a school of 6 or more they make a great choice for a freshwater aquarium.

online business

2009-03-09T07:49:00.001-07:00

FIRST AQUARIUM

Starting a new aquarium is not the simplest thing to do. There is a lot more to it than going out and buying an aquarium, various decorations, a heater, a filter and some fish. It takes some studying and planning ahead. You should think about the types of fish you wish to keep and what size of a tank they will need. A little research and some careful planning can eliminate a lot of heartache and stress down the road. Getting it all set up and going isn't something that can be done in one day. It takes several weeks to get the water cultured properly and a healthy biological filter established. During the first few weeks new aquarist get frustrated when they buy the fish they want only to have them die a week later. Doing some research on something called "new tank syndrome" and selecting a few hardy fish to start with can help to avoid all this.

FISH DESEASES: Keeping your fish healthy can be a task at times so this is a small section with some tips and ideas for keeping aquarium fish from getting sick. There are several reasons why a fish may get sick so by understanding these reasons and knowing how to prevent them, all aquarium fish can be healthy in any aquarium.
Preventing fish diseases is always better than trying to cure a fish disease. Keeping the water chemistry right and keeping the water clean will help to prevent diseases from breaking out. When the water is poor the fish become stressed and this makes them more susceptible to diseases. Remove dead fish right away to help keep water conditions optimal.When fish do get sick the sick fish should be treated right away and in a separate tank when possible. Study up on the common fish diseases and learn what signs to watch for. By knowing what signs to look for it will be possible to catch diseases early and increase the chance of curing the sick fish. Keep treatments on hand for the most common fish illnesses so that treatment can be given right away.

BREEDING FISH:On of the most fascinating parts of the aquarium hobby is breeding fish. It is always fun to pair up a male and a female fish then get the conditions in the aquarium just right so that they will have the desire to spawn. Take labyrinth fish for example. Breeding season for them in the summer so an aquarist must make the aquarium feel like it is summer for them to spawn in the tank.

Aquarium fish can be divided into two main groups when looking at how they breed. One group is the livebearers. These fish carry their eggs around inside them after spawning until the young have developed enough that they can swim on their own. Then they give birth to the fry. The other group is called egg layers. These aquarium fish release the eggs into the water when spawning and the male fertilizes them when they are released. These fish have many different ways of caring for the eggs after they have been released.

FISH TYPES:In a fresh water aquarium there are thousands of different species of fish available to the aquarist. The various types of fish found in the hobby today come from all over the world. These fish all have there own preferences for environment and social behaviour. I have divided up the species of fish into three categories. These categories are, Community Fish, Semi-Aggressive Fish and Non-Community Fish. It is generally a good idea to plan out what fish you would like to keep in your aquarium. Doing research first is always a good start. You would not want to set up a community tank a find out that one of the fish you bought for in the tank is territorial and very aggressive. Plan ahead and figure out which fish types will mix well. Doing a little research and planning will save you money and hassle down the road.

online business

2009-03-09T07:48:00.002-07:00

THE PATH TO JETEX

Jetex has its origins with three remarkably enterprising and talented young men, in England in the early part of the twentieth century.Two of the three were the Wilmot brothers, Charles Mandeville (‘Bill’) Wilmot and John Wilmot. As schoolboys in the second decade of the century, fired with enthusiasm for the exciting developments in aviation, they produced and sold their own hand-written magazines, The Aeroplane World (above right) and The Aeroplane Monthly.The third young man, initially working quite separately from the Wilmots, was Joseph Naimé Mansour, a talented model-maker whose craftsmanship had achieved early recognition. He had accepted an invitation to contribute to the most prestigious example of the modelmaker’s skill ever created in Britain – the 1:12 scale Queen Mary’s Doll’s House (right), still today a major attraction at Windsor Castle.

With the burgeoning interest in aviation that had already attracted the Wilmots, Joe Mansour turned to modelling aeroplanes. Not content with the relatively heavy stick-and-silk models then dominating the scene (balsa wood was not yet available), he developed a method of lightweight construction using moulded papier-mâché. This he produced by compressing a mixture of newspaper and glue through the family laundry mangle. He then moulded the resulting sheets into very light but strong fuselages. (It’s interesting to consider that the jetex tailored series of the 1950s also used moulded fuselages.)

With his moulded fuselage process perfected, Joe Mansour’s enterprising spirit turned to a scheme for commercial production. So, in 1931 he advertised in Flight magazine for others to join him in setting up a business to develop and manufacture model aeroplanes. The Wilmot brothers, who meanwhile had been experimenting with fuselage construction from very thin aluminium sheet, responded to Mansour’s

advertisement.In what was to prove a typical businesslike move, the trio formed two companies in 1931. One, Wilmot, Mansour & Co., Ltd., held patents which they had been granted, and the other, International Model Aircraft Ltd. (IMA) had the world’s largest toy manufacturer, Lines Brothers, as a shareholder (right). IMA was responsible for production, which was eventually conducted in the large Tri-ang factory in Merton. The Tri-ang football field adjoining the IMA factory was to became a model aerodrome, where customers could learn to fly the models coming off the production line.

IMA’s initial product was to be an innovative model aeroplane with an aluminium fuselage and paper wings – the FROG Interceptor fighter Mark IV (below right). Not only was the Interceptor unique in its method of construction, but its motive power also showed innovative flair. It was powered by a rubber motor which turned the propeller via a minute Swiss-made gearbox, allowing a smaller, more realistic, propeller to be used. The rubber motor could even be wound up by means of a high-speed geared winder built into the model’s box.Moreover, in an era when the rudimentary appearance of model aeroplanes bore little similarity to contemporary full-size aircraft, the Interceptor stood out with its semi-scale resemblance to the Supermarine Schneider racers. With a propellor speed of 2,700 r.p.m., it was quite the fastest rubber-powered aeroplane to be bought – typically, it travelled 300 feet at a height of 70 feet and a scale speed of 240 mph. The ‘FROG’ name came from Joe Mansour, who had coined the acronym from the slogan “First to Rise Off Ground”, to express the advantage his papier-mâché models had over the stick-and-silk machines. Later, it came to signify “Flies Right Off Ground”. A ‘W’and an ‘M’ were incorporated in the FROG logo (below right). By November 1932, the Wilmots and Mansour had achieved their goal of commercial production with over 800 Interceptors per day being produced.

online business

2009-03-09T07:48:00.001-07:00

SOLUTIONS

1000 – 1499-BLAST FURNACE - 1300s. "It was not possible to make molten iron, which could be cast, until after the introduction of the blast furnace in the 1300s."
BUOY - 1000s. "The first recorded evidence of the use of buoys dates from about the 11th century, when European trade (as opposed to local trade) began to expand, mainly under the dominance of the Hanseatic League which took a keen and vigilant attitude in matters affecting the safety of ships. As early as 1066 buoys guided ships through the channels of the River Weser..."

HANDGUN - around 1128. "The gun did not appear until the twelfth century A.D. For this three things were needed: a metal barrel, gunpowder with a high nitrate content, and a projectile that neatly filled the barrel so that the powder charge could exert its full propellant effect. Until very recently it was believed that the first Chinese gun ... dated to A.D. 1290. Continuing exploration of the Buddhist caves of western China has now revealed a remarkable temple at Ta-tsu in Szechuan Province, containing evidence that revolutionizes the history of the gun. Among the many reliefs in the cave are two showing gunpowder weapons. One depicts a small demon with two horns cradling a handgun while a second devil holds a grenade. The date of this extraordinary find, according to the inscriptions in the caves, is A.D. 1128." [James, Peter and Nick Thorpe. Ancient Inventions, 1994.MOVABLE TYPE - around 1045. "This seminal invention is specifically attributed to an experienced Chinese block printer named Bi Sheng. According to contemporary accounts, about 1045 he conceived the idea of making each character in clay, which was then fired to make it hard."

SPECTACLES - around 1280. "Lenses placed close to the eyes were first certainly used towards the end of the 13th century. Nothing is known of the inventor, or of the date or place of the discovery, as it was the work of an illiterate artisan, but Edwarard Rosen fixes the period of the discovery to the five years after 1280. The inventor was probably a glazier, who made ornaments and glass discs for windows." STAINED GLASS - 1100s. "Colored glass, soon to become the glory of the great Gothic cathedrals, was not used in Europe until the 12th century."

1500 – 1699:BAROMETER - 1643. "For reasons not then understood by mining engineers, suction pumps could not raise water above a height of 9 meters (30 feet). In 1643, Galileo's assistant Torricelli discovered why this should be: the pressure of the atmosphere is equal to that of a column of water of that height and that is the limit of water it can support. Using mercury, a liquid 13 1/2 times denser than water, Torricelli noted that a column 76 centimeters (roughly 30 inches) high could be supported. He predicted, and subsequent experiments proved, that with increasing altitude the atmospheric pressure would diminish and the length of the column would be correspondingly shorter; thus was born the barometer."MICROSCOPE - around 1590. "The microscope was invented ... in about 1590, by Zacharias Jansen, a spectacle-maker. It was a relatively crude device, using ... a concave and a convex lens, and there is no evidence that Jansen made any significant observations with it.

online business

2009-03-09T07:47:00.002-07:00

RED FORT HISTORY

India is one of the few countries in the world, today, in which the social and religious structures, which define the nation's identity, are intact for over 4000 years. There is possibly no other country where religion is so inextricably intertwined with every aspect of life. India was the birth place of the two of the world's great religion (Hinduism & Buddhism) and one of its smallest (Jainism). India's first major civilization flourished for 1000 years from around 2500 BC along the Indus River valley. The origins of Hinduism can be traced all the way back to this early civilization. The Aryans swept south from Central Asia between 1500 and 200 BC. It was during this period of transition (1500-1200 BC) that the Hindu sacred scriptures, the Vedas, were written.

Maurya's empire came to power in 321 BC. The empire reached its peak under Emperor Ashoka who converted to Buddhism in 262 BC. Ashokan edicts and pillars can be seen in Delhi, Gujarat, Orissa, Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh and at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. In 319 AD, Chandragupta II founded the Gupta Empire. The arts flourished during this period, with some of the finest work being done at Ajanta, Ellora, Sanchi and Sarnath.
Mughal Era - Muslim power first made itself strongly felt on the subcontinent with the raids of Mahmud of Ghazni. In 1192, Mohammed Ghori, who had been expanding his powers across the Punjab, broke into India and captured Ajmer. After Mohammed of Ghori was killed in 1206, Qutub-ud-din became the first of the Sultans of Delhi. The invasion of Muslims continued until Mughals came into power and ruled over northern India till the beginning of the 17th century. The six great Mughals were Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb and their reigns were between 1527 until 1707. Some of the wonderful monuments built during the Mughal reign are Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Fort in Agra and Red Fort and Humayun's Tomb in Delhi.

British Raj - In 1612 British made their first permanent inroad into India when they established a trading post in Gujarat and later at Madras in 1640, at Bombay in 1668 and at Calcutta in 1690. In 1672 the French established themselves at Pondicherry and stage was set for a rivalry between the British and French for control of Indian trade. The British were able to capture most of India by the early 19th century after defeating Sikhs in 1849. At the same time, Hindusim began to resurge. The main protagonists in this revival were reformers like Ram Mohan Roy, Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda. Other reformers such as Sri Aurobindo, Annie Beasant owed a debt to these popularizers of Hindu philosophy and mysticism. In 1915, Mohandas Gandhi returned from South Africa where he had practiced as a lawyer and devoted himself to fight against the racial discrimination, which the Indians had to face.

He emerged as a new leader to fight his way to independence by adopting a policy of passive resistance "satyagraha". By the time WW II was concluded, independence was inevitable. In early 1946, India faced a major problem in terms of caste, creed powers. The demand for a separate nation, to be ruled by Mohammed Ali Jinnah became a major hurdle in declaring India as an "Independent Nation" by the British Empire. August 1946 witnessed bloody clashes between the two communities in Calcutta. In February 1947, the newly appointed viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten made an attempt to convince the rival factions for a united independent India.

online business

2009-03-09T07:47:00.001-07:00

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, the pinnacle of Mughal architecture, was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658), grandson of Akbar the great, in the memory of his queen Arjumand Bano Begum, entitled "Mumtaz Mahal". Mumtaz Mahal was a niece of empress Nur Jahan and granddaughter of Mirza Ghias Beg I'timad-ud-Daula, wazir of emperor Jehangir. She was born in 1593 and died in 1631, during the birth of her fourteenth child at Burhanpur. Her mortal remains were temporarily buried in the Zainabad garden. Six months later, her body was transferred to Agra to be finally enshrined in the crypt of the main tomb of the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is the mausoleum of both Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan.

The mausoleum is located on the right bank of the river Yamuna at a point where it takes a sharp turn and flows eastwards. Originally, the land where the Taj Mahal presently stands belonged to the Kachhwahas of Ajmer (Rajasthan). The land was acquired from them in lieu of four havelis as is testified by a court historian, Abdul Hamid Lahauri, in his work titled the Badshah-Namah and the firmans (royal decrees).

For construction, a network of wells was laid along the river line to support the huge mausoleum buildings. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from Central Asia and Iran. While bricks for internal constructions were locally prepared, white marble for external use in veneering work was obtained from Makrana in Rajasthan. Semi-precious stones for inlay ornamentation were brought from distant regions of India, Ceylon and Afghanistan. Red sandstone of different tints was requisitioned from the neighbouring quarries of Sikri, Dholpur, etc. It took 17 years for the monument complex to be completed in 1648.

In all, the Taj Mahal covers an area of 60 bighas, as the terrain gradually sloped from south to north, towards the river, in the form of descending terraces. At the southern point is the forecourt with the main gate in front and tombs of Akbarabadi Begum and Fatehpuri Begum, two other queens of Shah Jahan, on its south-east and south-west corners respectively called Saheli Burj 1 and 2.On the second terrace is a spacious square garden, with side pavilions. It is divided into four quarters by broad shallow canals of water, with wide walkways and cypress avenues on the sides. The water channels and fountains are fed by overhead water tanks. These four quarters are further divided into the smaller quarters by broad causeways, so that the whole scheme is in a perfect char-bagh.

The main tomb of the Taj is basically square with chamfered corners. The minarets here are detached, facing the chamfered angles (corners) of the main tomb on the main plinth. Red sandstone mosque on the western, and Mehman-Khana on the eastern side of the tomb provides aesthetically a clear colour contrast.The Taj has some wonderful specimens of polychrome inlay art both in the interior and exterior on the dados, on cenotaphs and on the marble jhajjhari (jali-screen) around them.

online business

2009-03-09T07:46:00.000-07:00

WHO INVENTED TELEVISION

Inventors anticipated the public demand for television before the advent of radio broadcasting. So many participated in the development that it is impossible to answer the question "Who invented television?", but a few were so important as to be recognized as pioneers.

Paul Nipkow proposed the first practical mechanical scanner in Germany in 1884. The scanner was a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral around its edge. Light passing through the holes as the disk rotated produced a rectangular scanning pattern or raster which could be used to either generate an electrical signal from the scene for transmitting or to produce an image from the signal at the receiver. As the disk rotated, the image was scanned by the perforations in the disk, and light from different portions of it passed to a photocell. The number of scanned lines was equal to the number of perforations and each rotation of the disk produced a television frame. In the receiver, the brightness of the light source would be varied by the signal voltage. Again, the light passed through a synchronously rotating perforated disk and formed a raster on the projection screen. Mechanical viewers had the serious limitation of resolution and brightness.

John Logie Baird, a Scottish engineer-inventor, successfully promoted a television system based on the Nipkrow principle, received backing and sold transmitters and receivers. Laboratories in the United States and Great Britain worked to develop an all-electronic system. In Britain, the Electric and Musical Industries, Ltd., provided a system along with Baird's, and these were experimentally used to broadcast television programs by the BBC in November 1936. The EMI system won overwhelmingly. An American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins, followed with a rotating ring whose thickness varied and increased around its circumference, forcing a rotating prism. By using two rings overlapping at right angles, a beam could be made to scan both horizontally and vertically, which unfortunately produced small, dim and fuzzy images. Jenkins' system, like Baird's, failed on the basis of poor quality.

AT&T first demonstrated a television system developed by one of Bell Lab's scientists, Herbert Ives, again based on the Nipkow disks. GE also demonstrated a mechanical system developed by Ernst Alexanderson. David Sarnoff, however, would turn to research for a successful electronic system. In the 1920's, Alan A. Campbell-Swinton, a prominent electrical engineer in London, proposed a system that would use CRT's displaying the picture at the receiver, with electromagnetic scanning to form the raster. His transmitter tube, using a chamber filled with gas which could conduct electrons, was not suitable. Credit for the first practical TV signal-generator of pickup must be shared by Vladimir K. Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth, who invented the iconoscope and the image dissector respectively. Successful electronic TV would follow.

online business

2009-03-09T07:45:00.004-07:00

HISTORY OF LOCOMOTIVES

The history of the early days of the locomotive is closely related to the evolution of the automatic steam vehicle devised to circulate in the roads and later left aside after being developed the transport on tracks. The idea to tend a special pair of rails for the wheels of the load vehicles goes back to the time of the Romans, who were used to paving with stone blocks located in parallel channels the portion the road through where they passed the wheels .The same method was adopted frequently in the early times of the operation of the stone coal deposits in England, where this coal was transported from the mines in railroad cars drown by horses . Towards the 1630, nevertheless, an individual called Beaumont ran seating wood tracks with the same object; and by the end of XVIII century it was of current use railroads with wood tracks that had a cleared superior surface, adjusting to them the channeled rims of the iron wheels of the wagons; it also was appraised the advantage for the economy represented by the easier transportation ascending or descending the slopes, reducing the hills, filling up the depressions of the land and constructing bridges on the rivers.

Later the wood tracks were covered with strained iron plates, to extend their duration diminishing the wearing down, and in 1776 a railroad was constructed in Sheffield (United Kingdom) tending prismatic strained iron bars on wood beams. Starting off from these coarse principles, the modern railroad was developed, a road composed of parallel steel rails supported by ties and providing a track for locomotive-drawn trains or other wheeled vehicles , with its heavy woods resting on divided stone and maintaining prismatic steel tracks that weigh of 45 to 65 kilograms per meter, with all its complete cohort of auxiliary elements: nails , signals, dispositions for rescue, etc.

The locomotive in its childhood and its first vacillating steps .At the end of 18th. century , the steam engine became a real and positive factor in the industry, and different attempts had been made to apply it to the road vehicles. The merit to carry out the construction of the first locomotive that marched on tracks corresponds to Richard Trevithick, that, in February of 1804, used a locomovible machine to carry coal in the road of Penydarran, in South Wales , United Kingdom. The first locomotive used successfully .The locomotive of Trevithick , according to the most authorized references, was very similar to the attached figure in this page . The boiler was made of strained iron with inner furnace, and the products of the combustion were directed to a chimney located in the same end of the mouth of the firebox . The steam engine, that is to say, the cylinder with the piston, was arranged vertically, and the connecting bars represented in the figure by the D, that acted as a connecting rod, and the L, connected with the motor axis.

The steam, after having operated, escaped by the chimney to increase the shot, and this system it depended on the friction of the driving wheels on the tracks to assure sufficient traction power . The pressure of the steam was about 40 pounds by square inch; so that strictly speaking it was a machine of high pressure. The safety valve, E , prevented an excessive pressure in the boiler. This locomotive worked well, but its economic results were not satisfactory .The following successful attempt to obtain a steam locomotive was done by Blenk in sop in 1812. This machine, as it appears in the corresponding figure , had two cylinders of 203 millimeters of diameter each one and arranged vertically , like in the machine of Trevithick.

online business

2009-03-09T07:45:00.003-07:00

HOME DISCRIPTION

Location and Discription

The home is located on the Windward side of Oahu in wonderful Kailua. The home is situated on a large lot which allows for plenty of space for you to relax and the kids to play. The landscaping of this home succeeds in providing a feeling of peace and privacy. There is a BAR-BQ available for you and the
fish of the Hawaiian Islands is perfect for grilling. Before and after grilling you can use the pool and spa area. We have provided ample chairs and lounges for your sunbathing or reading pleasure. The spa is separate from the pool and built in to the deck. There is a beautiful outdoor shower, a nice feature on most homes but a necessary amenity when you are located so close to the Beach.

In Hawaii they use the terms Beach Front and Beach Side. Our Home is Beach Side which means we are on the beach side of the road. Only three doors down a private driveway is your access to one the Best Beaches in Hawaii. Kailua Beach is what you imagine a Hawaiian beach looks like. There is no Reef to cut your feet on and no giant surf so dangerous you can’t swim. Kailua beach has miles of white sand met by blue warm water with rolling waves. For us Kailua beach Is perfect, it is the reason we decided to buy a home here. a

Home Description:The Star of Hawaii is a 3 bedroom and 2 bath single story home. The West Wind Suite is a 1 room studio with its own bathroom and kitchenette. When you combine the two the home is a 4 bedroom 3 bath paradise. We rent the home in a 3 bedroom or a 4 bedroom layout you can make the decision based on the size of your party. There are also some occasions where we rent the West Wind Suite by itself.
The 3 bedroom house has a master bedroom with a Queen Bed and private bath. The second bedroom also has a Queen bed and the third bedroom has a set of twins that can be made into a comfortable King sized bed. I know what you are thinking but it is
comfortable. (And no the beds don't separate during the night.) The West Wind Suite is a large 580sf guest suite with a King Bed, bathroom, kitchenette with table, and sitting area perfect for TV, reading or games. This design offers couples and families privacy and flexibility. The house has a fully equipped gourmet kitchen and family sized dining room, Living Room and an attached Television room. The living spaces open to pool and
gardens which gives the house that "Hawaiiana" feeling of bringing the outside in.

Three Story brick Italian Victorian with 5 window bay and a cupola on top. The house has massive and beautifully carved brackets. It features two large porches. One porch has wicker furniture, the other has a wrought iron table and chairs, so in nice weather, breakfast can be served there. The first floor consists of a very spacious and elegant double parlor. It has 12' ceilings with wide plaster crown moulding, wood floors, original wood shutters on the wide floor-to-ceiling windows and original marble fireplace. Across the hall is our dining room. It is intimately set up to serve 16 people with four tables for private dining. The dining room also has a fireplace, plaster crown moulding, wood floors, and original shutters on the large front windows.

online business

2009-03-09T07:45:00.001-07:00

HEART STRUCTURE OF THE CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
Introduction :The Heart is made up of a powerful muscle called Myocardium. The Myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle fibers that contracts and causes a wringing type of action. The size of you heart is a little larger than the size of your fist. The location of the heart is about left-center of your chest. The heart are two separate pumps that continuously sends blood throughout the body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and helping remove harmful wastes. The right side of the heart receives blood low in oxygen. The left side of the heart receives blood that has been oxygenated by the lungs. The blood is then pumped out into the Aorta and to all parts of the body. The Heart Diagram above and the information that follows will give a better understanding of the heart structure and how the blood circulates through the heart.

Right Atrium :The Right Atrium is larger than the Left Atrium but has thinner walls. The Right Atrium has two major veins that returns blood to the heart from all parts of the body. Two major veins returning the blood to the heart are the Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava. These two veins are sometimes called the "Great Veins". The Superior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body and the Inferior Vena Cava returns the deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body. The Right Atrium also receives blood back from the heart muscle itself. After the blood is collected in the Right Atrium it is pumped into the Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid Valve (three leaf valve). Left Atrium :The Left Atrium receives blood from four Pulmonary Veins. The blood received from the lungs has been oxygenated. The oxygenated blood that is collected in Left Atrium is then pumped into the Left Ventricle through the Bicuspid Valve.

Right Ventricle :The Right Ventricle receives blood from the Right Atrium. When the Heart contract the blood is forced out through the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve into the Pulmonary Artery. The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is a three flap valve that stops the backflow of blood. The walls of the Right Ventricle are a little thicker than the Right Atrium.Left Ventricle :The chamber of the Left Ventricle has walls that are three times the thickness of the Right Ventricle. This is important because the oxygenated blood that it receives from the Left Atrium has to be pump throughout the body. The Bicuspid Valve closes and the blood is collected in the Left Ventricle. The closing of the Bicuspid Valve stops the backflow of blood. When the Heart muscle contracts the blood is forced through the Aortic Semilunar Valve which has the same features as the Pulmonary Valve.

The blood then passes through the Aortic Semilunar Valve into the Aorta. Aorta: The Aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. The inner diameter of the Aorta is about 1 inch. The Aorta carries oxygenated blood to every other part of the body. The Aorta receives it's blood from the Left Ventricle. Septum : The Septum is a partition that separates the right and left sides of the Heart. There are two separate regions of the Septum. They are the Interatrial Septum that separates the Atriums and the Interventrial Septurm that separates the Ventricles. The Interatrial Septum is only present in the fetal period and is open during this period. The Interatrial Septum closes at the time of birth. The Interventrial Septum is suppose to be closed all the time but sometimes an opening is present at birth. This would be considered a Congenital heart disease.

Superior Vena caya :The importance of the Superior Vena Cava is to return blood back to the Right Atrium from the upper part of the body. It is one of the largest veins in the body. Interior vena caya : Inferior Vena Cava is important for carrying the blood back to the Right Atrium from the lower part of the body.The Pulmonary Arteries carry the blood from the Right Ventricle to both of the lungs. There the blood is oxygenated and sent to the Left Atrium in the heart.The Pulmonary Veins carry the oxygenated blood back to the Left Atrium in the heart.

online business

2009-03-09T07:44:00.002-07:00

HistoryTeeth Offer Clues to Human Diet Evolution

This Behind the Scenes article was provided to LiveScience in partnership with the National Science Foundation. University of Arkansas anthropology professor Peter Ungar has developed many talents during his distinguished career, spending hours crouched in forests in remote parts of the world studying monkeys, using dental techniques to create molds of teeth, and finding new ways to use modern-day technology to study the wear and tear on those teeth.Through all of these efforts, he is looking for clues as to what modern-day primates eat — and what that tells us about what our ancient human ancestors actually ate.

Most recently, Ungar and his colleagues, Frederick E. Grine of State University of New York at Stony Brook and Mark F. Teaford of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., reported findings on an early human cousin that suggest form and structure of teeth alone are not enough to predict the diet of ancient humans."Teeth are perfect for testing diet hypotheses, because they are the best preserved items in the fossil record and are part of the digestive system," Ungar said. "But until now, we haven’t had the technology to pull much information out of them."Until recently, scientists counted the pits and scratches on teeth by looking at images from high-resolution electron microscopes. But such counts depended upon the expertise of the observer and often proved difficult to reproduce.

"The problem then is that you have to count and measure those features by hand, which introduces a high likelihood of human error. That's a very subjective process, and you're going to get variability between the measurements of any two researchers," Ungar said. "We needed an objective, automated, repeatable way to quantify wear on teeth."Ungar developed a way of using Geographic Information System software to create a different kind of map, using the software for dental topography, to show the mountains and valleys formed by the wear patterns on teeth. Just as GIS can be used to measure topographical features on a landscape, such as slope, elevation and aspect, Ungar found it could analyze dental features that are important to chewing and processing foods.

Specifically, the researchers used GIS to calculate slope and angularity values for each tooth; slope refers to the steepness of a tooth cusp, whereas angularity is a measure of overall jaggedness.In 2003, Ungar was able to increase the resolution of his measurements by using a white light scanning confocal microscope. The length, width and even depth information about specific features is automatically and objectively recorded by the instrument. The detailed, three-dimensional information allows researchers to determine characteristics of the surface, such as roughness and directionality of the wear using fractal analyses borrowed from mechanical engineering.

Ungar combines his high-tech work with old-fashioned anthropology field work. Working with colleagues, he has logged thousands of hours in forests in Central and South America as well as

Indonesia

observing the diets of different apes and monkeys.

online business

2009-03-09T07:44:00.001-07:00

Transient Ischaemic Attack

Warning Signs of Stroke:

A stroke may be caused by (a) blockage of a blood vessel within the brain (cerebral infarction), (b) rupture of a blood vessel within the brain (cerebral haemorrhage), or (c) rupture of a blood vessel into the space surrounding the brain

(subarachnoid haemorrhage).About 50% of patients who subsequently have a stroke due to blockage of a blood vessel have a small warning episode termed a transient ischaemic attack (TIA).In 75% of TIAs the symptoms clear within one hour, often within only a few minutes, because the blockage in the artery clears itself very quickly. 30% of people have damage evident on sensitive brain imaging techniques such as MRI after a TIA.

TIAs are significant and must not be ignored. Advice must be sought immediately. A TIA may be the start of a stroke that can follow the TIA within hours. TIAs can warn of a future stroke. Treatment can reduce the risk of having a stroke.

Symptoms of Transient Ischaemic Attacks - Warning Strokes

FLEETING BLINDNESS OR BLURRING OF VISION
In one or both eyes, lasting for a few seconds or minutes only, like a curtain descending or ascending from above or below, very occasionally crossing from one side to the other.
DOUBLE VISION: Objects may suddenly appear to be double horizontally or vertically, may be more marked when looking in one direction.OTHER VISUAL DISTURBANCES Such as difficulty seeing one or other of the visual fields to the left or right.

SPEECH DISTURBANCE
Such as impaired expression of speech, knowing what one wishes to say but being unable to say it, using words of a similar type with different meanings. SLURRING OF SPEECH Often with an accompanying sensation that the tongue is moving clumsily or 'thick'.

FACIAL NUMBNESS OR WEAKNESS
Usually in conjunction with slurring of speech., SWALLOWING DIFFICULTY
Occasionally this may accompany slurring of speech.

WEAKNESS OR PARALYSIS OF FACE, ARM OR LEG
A brief episode of weakness or clumsiness affecting face, arm or leg separately or in combination- a typical case is weakness affecting the right arm or leg together with speech disturbance, resulting in an object being dropped, the limb feeling heavy or even numb or tingling. Sometimes there is a profound weakness and inability to move limbs

online business

2009-03-09T07:43:00.000-07:00

TYPES OF CAR INSURANCE

There are two different types of vehicle cover that are standard in the UK. As all drivers know car insurance is compulsory in the United Kingdom and everyone must have a sufficient level of cover. This is the only sensible method to have, as without insurance whenever accidents occurred there would be anarchy with much confusion on who should pay for damages.

Two standard car Insurance types are as follows:Third party – this type of car insurance is the very minimum you must have to be allowed out on the roads in your vehicle. It basically covers your liability to others only if a claim is made against you and your car. For example if Bob is driving a Toyota and makes a mistake at a junction, pulling out at the wrong time. Another vehicle driven by Karen hits him. It was Bobs’ fault the accident happened and therefore he has liability for Karen’s claim. She claims against Bob’s car insurance company for the damages made to her car. The claim is successful and she gets her Mazda repaired no problem. However Bob cannot make a claim with the car insurance company in order to get the dent is his Toyota repaired. He has third party only insurance covering damage to other peoples vehicles etc, but not his own. Bob therefore pays for the repairs from his own finances, rather than under payout from his insurer.

Third party insurance, depending on the level of cover your insurer provides, should enable you to also drive other peoples cars (however the level of cover will remain the same). This can be very useful if say you have a two seater car, but need a bigger vehicle for a once off and wish to borrow a friends. This is just an example as there are many other instances where this type of cover under your insurance can be useful. However you should not assume adequate coverage for this use and always check your policy documentation first.Another type of cover which you can obtain quotes for is third party fire and theft. This incorporates the features, as the name tells you, of third party cover but also insures against other standard perils that can be quite common. More can be explained in our ‘third party fire and theft’ article.

The basic minimum level of cover you can have is third-party only insurance, covering other people for claims made against you. However you will not be able to receive compensation for other ‘perils’ which can affect UK car owners which can be very common. For this you will need an enhanced level of cover such as third part fire and theft. Clearly your car is investment which can often cost quite a substantial amount of money. In addition to their initial outlay it takes further commitment to keep the car running and pay various taxes etc, all of which add up to a significant amount. Because of this many people believe it is wise to insure your car against various negative occurances that can happen. Under enhanced car insurance cover you can claim in a range of circumstances and if not, at least have peace of mind that should anything happen, your investment will be looked after by the insurance company paying out upon a claim.The standard occurances most common, and so a policy is provided to cover these, are fire and theft. Therefore the policy ‘Third Party Fire and Theft’ does pretty much what it says on the tin.

online business

2009-03-09T07:42:00.004-07:00

DENTAL INSURANCE

Dental Insurance in the United States is insurance designed to pay the costs associated with dental care . Dental insurance pays a portion of the bills from dentists, and other providers of dental services. By doing so, dental insurance protects people from financial hardship caused by unexpected dental expenses.The most recent data (2007) from the National Association of Dental Plans shows that 57% of the population in the U.S has dental benefit coverage. Some 97% of those who do have dental coverage get it through their employer or another group, most often as a policy separate from their health insurance plan. Depending upon the type of medical coverage you have, it may be a good idea to have a compatible program to eliminate any gaps or overlap between the two plans. That may save money while allowing you to take advantage of receiving necessary preventive care.

Not all dentists are pleased about participating in any type of dental plan. It means more work for them (and especially more paperwork), and less pay. It is also important to have adequate coverage for your situation, so you can access the features you need and are not paying for something you will not use. Most group dental insurance plans do not have restrictions, such as pre-existing conditions but do have annual maximum payments.The most common types of dental insurance plans are either Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) or Dental Health Maintenance Organization (DHMO). Both types are considered managed care, and each dental insurance plan has advantages and disadvantages.Dentists participating in the PPO plans have negotiated their fees with the administering company, and provide their services under the plan, but this usually does not cover all fees. Dental plans usually have small deductibles to consider about $50 and DPPOs and traditional indemnity plans usually pay a percentage of the charges, leaving the patient with a co-pay. DHMOs usually state their co-payments as a fixed dollar amount per procedure.

If your employer is paying the monthly premiums for the dental insurance plan and the dentist you use is part of the PPO, this might be an attractive option.A Dental Health Maintenance Organization is another dental insurance plan option, based on the model of medical HMOs. Here, too, the patient is enrolled in a program, and can visit any dentist in that program. However, dentists may end up having to provide services at 'below cost' rates, and not be able to spend as much time with each person as a PPO could offer. Working in an HMO setting, the dentist has many more people to see and is compelled to function in an environment where volume matters. Although a patient will be seen and treated, the relationship with the dentist may not developed if there is a lack of time. If you want to be seen by a dentist who takes time with his or her patients, this may not be your optimum dental insurance plan.
Dental discount plans are not dental insurance plans: Usually called Discount Plans or Reduced-Fee-For-Service Plans, these non-insurance programs offer subscribers access to dental care at a discounted rate from participating dental providers. Having been around since the early 1990s, these dental benefits programs offer their members discounts on a variety of dental services, such as fillings, braces, exams and routine cleanings in exchange for a fee. Members typically receive a discount of 30%-35% off retail prices.

online business

2009-03-09T07:42:00.003-07:00

INSURANCE SERVICES

Insurance is system by which the losses suffered by a few are spread over many, exposed to similar risks. Insurance is a protection against financial loss arising on the happening of an unexpected event. Insurance policy helps in not only mitigating risks but also provides a financial cushion against adverse financial burdens suffered.Insurance policies cover the risk of life as well as other assets and valuables such as home, automobiles, jewelery.The functions of Insurance can be bifurcated into two parts,Provide Protection:The primary function of insurance is to provide protection against future risk, accidents and uncertainty. Insurance cannot check the happening of the risk, but can certainly provide for the losses of risk. Insurance is actually a protection against economic loss, by sharing the risk with others, Collective Bearing Service:Insurance is a device to share the financial loss of few among many others. Insurance is a mean by which few losses are shared among larger number of people. All the insured contribute the premiums towards a fund and out of which the persons exposed to a particular risk is paid,Assesment of Risk:Insurance determines the probable volume of risk by evaluating various factors that give rise to risk. Risk is the basis for determining the premium rate also,provide certainty:Insurance is a device, which helps to change from uncertainty to certainty. Insurance is device whereby the uncertain risks may be made more certain.

On the basis of the risk they cover, insurance policies can be classified into two categories:Life Insurance Policies,General Insurance Policies.

LIC:Life is very fragile and death is a certainty. We cannot control the uncertainties of life. But, we can cover the risks surrounding us. Life insurance, simply put, is the cover for the risks that we run during our lives. It protects us from the contingencies that could affect us.Life insurance is not for the person who passes away, it for those who survive. It is the responsibility of every bread earner to guard against the events that could affect the family in the unfortunate circumstance of his / her demise. Thus, having a life insurance policy is very vital. Before going for a life insurance policy it is imperative that you know about various types of life insurance policies. Major among them are: Endowment Policy, Whole Life Policy Term Life Policy, Money-back Policy, Joint Life Policy, Group Insurance ,Policy Loan ,Cover Term Assurance, Policy Pension Plan or Annuities, Unit Linked Insurance Plan

General Insurance Of India: General Insurance provides much-needed protection against unforeseen events such as accidents, illness, fire, burglary et al. Unlike Life Insurance, General Insurance is not meant to offer returns but is a protection against contingencies. Almost everything that has a financial value in life and has a probability of getting lost, stolen or damaged, can be covered through General Insurance policy.Property (both movable and immovable), vehicle, cash, household goods, health, dishonesty and also one's liability towards others can be covered under general insurance policy. Under certain Acts of Parliament, some types of insurance like Motor Insurance and Public Liability Insurance have been made compulsory.

Major insurance policies that are covered under General Insurance are: Home Insurance, Health Insurance, Motor Insurance, Travel Insurance ,Aviva Life Insurance,Bajaj Allianz, Birla Sun Life Insurance,HDFC Standard Life Insurance, ICICI Prudential, ING Vysya, Kotak Mahindra,LIC,Max New York Life Insurance,Metlife India Insurance,Reliance Life Insurance,SBI Life Insurance,Shriram Life Insurance, Tata AIG Life Insurance

online business

2009-03-09T07:42:00.001-07:00

A Quick History of the Automobile for Young People

Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels.A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinand Verbiest has been said to have built a steam powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since Thomas Newcomen didn't build his first steam engine until 1712 we can guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero's steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery. Newcomen's engine had a cylinder and a piston and was the first of this kind, and it used steam as a condensing agent to form a vacuum and with an overhead walking beam, pull on a rod to lift water. It was an enormous thing and was strictly stationary. The steam was not under pressure, just an open boiler piped to the cylinder. It used the same vacuum principle that Thomas Savery had patented to lift water directly with the vacuum, which would have limited his pump to less than 32 feet of lift. Newcomen's lift would have only been limited by the length of the rod and the strength of the valve at the bottom. Somehow Newcomen was not able to separate his invention from that of Savery and had to pay for Savery's rights. In 1765 James Watt developed the first pressurized steam engine which proved to be much more efficient and compact that the Newcomen engine.The first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769. A replica of this vehicle is on display at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris. I believe that the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D. C. also has a large (half size ?) scale model. A second unit was built in 1770 which weighed 8000 pounds and had a top speed on 2 miles per hour and on the cobble stone streets of Paris this was probably as fast as anyone wanted to go it. The picture shows the first model on its first drive around Paris were it hit and knocked down a stone wall. It also had a tendency to tip over frontward unless it was counterweighted with a canon in the rear. the purpose of the vehicle was to haul canons around town.The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron. A road thus made out of iron rails became the norm for the next hundred and twenty five years. The vehicles got bigger and heavier and more powerful and as such they were eventually capable of pulling a train of many cars filled with freight and passengers.As the picture at the right shows, many attempts were being made in England by the 1830's to develop a practical vehicle that didn't need rails. A series of accidents and propaganda from the established railroads caused a flurry of restrictive legislation to be passed and the development of the automobile bypassed England. Several commercial vehicles were built but they were more like trains without tracks.

online business

2009-03-09T07:41:00.001-07:00

MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Modern offices are using attractively designed cluster work stations. Workstations are meant to be comfortable, convenient, and cost effective. Ideally, the furniture used for office tables or desks have petrochemicals like polypropylene which enable a convenient and efficient manufacturing process. A normal workstation would comprise of a designer desk or a cluster, soft chairs with arm rests, computer, printer, keyboard, CPU, and a small drawer or locker. Today, workstations that meet high standards typically belong to call centers and other IT related offices.

Workstations must have the following facilities for enhancing employee convenience: Ergonomic seating ,Health and safety ,Attractive designing There are some equipment at workstations that use petrochemicals such as polystyrene. These are - paper trays, photocopiers, toners, cartridges, computer monitors, printers, fax machines, copier covers, and so on. Different grades of the polystyrene are used for different applications of the equipments. The chief applications are flammability rating, UV stability, flame retardants etc. The types of polystyrene used are divided into crystal, impact, and compound polystyrenes.

The advantages of using polystyrene are its impact-resistance, better surface quality, stiffness, and superior properties. Workstations these days are looking forward to providing superior comfort and safety to the employees. Workstations provide modern chairs that support the body and can be used for therapeutic purposes as well. These ergonomic chairs are meant to be comfortable for employees who sit at the workstation for long hours.

Those using computers for long hours in the office need to have protective screen layers that prevent eye and neck fatigue. Petrochemicals accessories fitted in the workstation have great value too. Ergonomic workstations are a must in offices today. Workstations are being modified into structures that portray dynamic looks and futuristic designs. This has been possible with the use of petrochemicals that provide excellent durability and flexibility. Designer furniture inculcates more interest in the working environment and enhances employee comfort as well. The state-of-the-art workstations of today are just another step towards facilitating a vibrant office atmosphere and increasing employee retention and efficiency.

online business

2009-03-09T07:40:00.002-07:00

Food Preservation

Food Preservation has become an integral part of the food processing industry inIndia. FMGC is the 4th largest sector in theIndian economy and with the potential of growth in this sector, there is immense need for food preservation products. Another major reason why food preservation is in demand is that there is a long gap between production and the actual consumption of food commodities. As there is rise in demand for food reservation,India is on the look out for more long lasting methods of preservation which will be effective in maintaining the quality and freshness of the commodity. The common and most effective preservative products used in the process are: Antioxidants,Antimicrobials

As such, due the recent upgradation of preservation techniques, the preservation industry is also growing almost at the same rate as the food industry. Food preservation, however, has its own challenges inIndia. These challenges come from the domestic market themselves. Currently, there are two main issues faced, given as follows: Quality and safety of the commodities in the organized market ,Lack of the need for preservatives in the unorganized market The good news is that multinationals are looking forward to invest in the food preservation market. Nevertheless, food preservation industry inIndia is based on the fact that food should be effectively preserved for future use, even during the so-called off-season.

The two principles used for food preservation inIndia are: Preventing spoilage - Food has to face the onslaught of spoilage agents and hence preventive measures are taken for avoiding such problems.,Retarding spoilage - Sometimes, the spoilage agents may have already ruined the food items, so special measures are taken to minimize the damage and prevent the agent from further damage.

Basically, the food preservation industry has to fight against factors such as: Non-enzymatic chemical reactions ,Enzymatic chemical reactions ,Insects and rodents ,Microbial decomposition

Based on the above two principles, food prevention is done through two methods, viz, temporary preservation and permanent preservation. These methods are applied depending on the time lag between production and consumption of the food commodities. The different kinds of processes involved in food preservation are slow freezing, quick freezing, dehydro freezing, pasteurization, canning, dehydration, high osmotic pressure, freeze drying, sun drying, osmosis, mechanical drying, spray drying, foam mat drying, smoking, and radiation.

For purposes of preservation, only the following chemicals agents are permitted to be used inIndia: O-chlorobenzoic acid, Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid ,Esters of p-hydroxy-benzoic acid Sulphur dioxide ,Sodium benzoate ,Sorbic acid

Food preservation inIndia is becoming a major contributor to theIndian petrochemicals market and is looking forward to a major growth this year.

online business

2009-03-09T07:40:00.001-07:00

ELECTRONICS

Petrochemicals have become the major source of raw material in the electronics sector. Therefore, all the electronic innovation which are proving to be a boon for man owe heavily to the petrochemical products and industries. Petrochemicals have become the most important element in our daily lives and have entirely revolutionized the sector of electronics by making some of the most important scientific inventions. The petrochemical industry has proved to be extremely beneficial for the electronics industry. This is so because the petrochemical industry produces certain commodities on which the electronic industries thrives. Petrochemical products in the electronics sector ensure better electrical insulation and safety, safer design, data storage, ease of assembly, and great capacity for miniaturization.Everyday objects like CD players, telephones, radios, computers, TVs are produced on a massive scale due to assistance from the petrochemical industries. Microchips - the main component of computers are made up of petrochemical products. However, petrochemistry is the keyword of the electronic industries. It has its presence everywhere, right from cablings and connectors to printed circuits and chips.

Plastic, the simplest of all petrochemical products, is the main component of CD-ROMs and CDs. The plastic used in these electronic goods is about 1.2mm thick. Most of the CDs comprise of an element known as polycarbonate (a group member of thermoplastics which can be easily thermoformed, worked, and molded). Plastic is derived from benzene (the most basic aromatic compound - a colorless liquid that occurs in fossil raw materials like coal and crude oil), cumene (an aromatic substance deduced from benzene and used to produce phenolic resins and important health care commodities like penicilln), and bisphenol A (a chemical used to make polycarbonates). Polycarbonates are full of microscopic bumps that are formatted as a long spiral track where data are kept and a thin aluminum layer covers it. This aluminum is protected by spraying a thin layer of acrylic (used for making detergents, varnishes etc) over it. After printing the label on the acrylic, it is then slipped into polystyrene (a kind of a solid plastic derived from polmerised styrene). Evidently, the usage of petrochemicals in the electronics segment is extensive.

It can be safely said that with the multifaceted uses of petrochemicals, the electronics sector has been aided tremendously. Therefore, the electrical goods and electronic industries rely heavily on the petrochemical products and industries.

The petrochemical industry has led to the enormous growth of communications and related sectors inIndia. All the modes of transport and communication would have been redundant today, had the petrochemical based products been absent.
COMMUNICATIONS :
Petrochemical-based composites, is a popular choice for the automotive components and bodies because of its light weight, design flexibility, and colorfast durability. Petrochemical products like synthetic rubber (obtained from natural gas and petroleum and known for its elasticity and resilience) are the basic component of tires in the automotive vehicles, be it a bicycle or an aircraft. The petrol tanks which have High Density Polyethylene (HDP) provide additional safety during a car accident by preventing the petrol leakage during an accident so that a fire is not caused. This is made possible by HDP's outstanding shape-resistance.

online business

2009-03-09T07:39:00.002-07:00

Indian petrochemical market

This site provides elaborate information on the Indian petrochemical market, along with the relevant details that encompass the use of petrochemicals and technological improvements contributed by the marketing of petrochemical products. India is relatively a newcomer in the petrochemical market compared to most developed countries. Initially, the petrochemical goods were imported. Fibers and synthetic detergents were seen as luxurious items that were not meant for mass consumption and were thus entitled to high custom tariffs. However, this import was banned as it was a menace to the local chemical industry of the country. Indian petrochemical market came into existence in the late 60s-early 70s after being commissioned by the Union Carbide's Crackers which procured Naptha from the now HPCL and then ESSO refinery. The ICI pioneered the polyester business inIndia and companies like ONGC (considered the Government petroleum sector) were introduced. The IPCL (registered as per the Company Act) set up its office at Jawharnagar in Gujarat. Moreover, it had the responsibility of building 2 downstream and 2 upstream mother units near an established sector.

However, today the Indian petrochemical market can boast of having international standards because it has the blend of low cost coupled with high class infrastructure.Indian petrochemical market today has high demand elasticity with high volume industries and theIndian petrochemical sector is a capital intensive sector. With the rapid growth of the middle class inIndia, the demand for petrochemical goods is anticipated to increase manifold. Reliance Industries, Nocil, and the IPCL are the 3 major companies which can boast of having fully-integrated plants.Indian petrochemical sector was operated and mastered by the state-owned IPCL till the early 90s. Nocil was the only private sector enterprise set up with modest infrastructure and capacity .However, after liberalization, IPCL and Reliance came up with large-sized plants. 70% of the output of the Indian petrochemical sector constitutes polymers, and in the last few years, the growth rate of these industries has been 16-18% per annum. These petrochemical objects are sold through stockists, C&F channels, and distributors. The companies directly meet the large volume sale. Prices are determined by international pricing and are very volatile in nature.

Multifaceted uses of petrochemical ranges from day to day trivial products to high range products. Petrochemical commodities start ranging as something from as mundane as plastic carry bags to explosives. If we analyze the role of petrochemicals in the petrochemical industries, we find that the petrochemical industry relies heavily natural gases or petroleum as their raw materials. Oil is one of the most important petrochemical products since it is the main constituent of petrochemicals. So, almost every item ranging from a carpet to electrical goods are made up of petrochemicals. Synthetic (a petrochemical product) has numerous uses - it is done by refining petroleum. This is a man-made petrochemical which often serves as the raw material for wrinkle-free garments. These fibers can be further finely woven tapestry, carpets, curtains, and many other things. Petrochemical is also used as fertilizers. Fertilizers like pesticides are used to protect crops from any sort of damage and increase crop production.

online business

2009-03-09T07:39:00.001-07:00

Automobile Loans

Things were never this good before. With a bunch of auto loan offers that are available these days, it is now within the reach of many to bring home their dream cars. Be it a brand new car or motorcycle or used cars, auto loans are there to make your dreams come true. One should always check out the various auto financing schemes available in the market before deciding upon which scheme to go for. One can avail of the advance EMI schemes, deposit payment schemes or margin money schemes. Car insurance is a must these days. Chevrolet cars, jaguar cars, luxury cars, Maruti cars: car insurance of different types is available.

Car Loans

The size of the car loan usually depends on the type of the vehicle (standard or premium), the percentage of financing and the cost of the vehicle. A loan of up to 90% of the total cost of the car can be availed in case of a new car. To be on the safe side, some of the finance agencies set a limit beyond which they do not offer any loans and most of them come with different terms and conditions for different models. For example, Maruti 800, for having a high resale value always comes with a higher percentage of finance provided by the financing company because in case the buyer defaults, the financing company can get a higher resale value of the car. Interestingly, there is no need of any collateral to avail a car loan. The procedure involves the bank or finance company hypothecating the vehicle in its name. Normally the tenure of repayment of the auto car loans varies from 1 to 5 years. However, there are some banks which offer a flexible repayment option of up to 7 years.

Used car insurance

Buying used cars have become a very popular these days. To buy car it’s important to read car reviews, go through car websites, check car prices, contact car dealerships and search cars extensively. Chevrolet cars, jaguar cars are available as used cars. To buy used cars, customers must look into the surrounding logistics, including car insurance.

Car insurance of a bit of a different decision making process. One needs to understand different components of car insurance. Base level insurance is known as the liability insurance as it covers you against damages that you might be liable for in the event of an accident. Collision insurance repair or replace the car in the event of an accident. Comprehensive insurance cover things like weather damage, theft, vandalism, and more.

online business

2009-03-09T07:38:00.002-07:00

AUTO COMPONENT MANUFACTURERS

The next big thing to happen in India after software, textiles, pharmaceuticals and BPO would undoubtedly be the auto component manufacturing industry. The global automotive component manufacturing industry is estimated to have a market size of around $1trillion. Ford Motors, Delphi Corporation, Caterpillar, Cummins, International Truck and Engine Corporation and last but not the least General Motors (GM) are some of the leading global automobile components manufacturers of the world. With importations of components worth $69 billion a year, the US stands at the top of all the auto component markets the world over.

Auto Component Manufacturing Hubs

The main automobile components manufacturing hubs in India are situated in Chennai, Pune and Gurgaon. The magnitude of the Indian auto component manufacturing industry stands at Rs 25,000 crore ($5 mn approx.). Though relatively small, the Indian automotive component manufacturing industry due to a huge talent pool of skilled automotive engineers and access to the latest technologies has a great potential to emerge as a big player in the near future.

Used Car Component Manufacturers:

Those customers eager to buy used cars can revamp their car with used car components. Used car components include Engine Parts, Steering Parts, Suspension and Brake Parts and Electrical Parts. There are a number ways to sell a used car i.e. through car owners, car dealerships, car agents, car rental companies at nominal rates.

ACMA

According to the Automotive Component Manufacturers' Association of India (ACMA), the domestic Indian auto component manufacturing industry is heading for a whopping 18% growth in the coming years compared to the export market which is estimated to reach $2.7 bn by the year 2010.
Lacking the required infrastructure, the Indian auto component manufacturing industry falls way behind the major global players in terms of production capacities. Due to this fact, it also lags behind other nations in getting large manufacturing orders. Or even if it manages to get one, it ranges below the $100 mn mark, which is considered a mere figure as per the automotive industry standards. Though striving to better its standards, the Indian auto component manufacturing industry has registered a robust growth in the recent past. The three main factors providing impetus to this industry are the ever increasing domestic automobile industry (two-wheelers, commercial vehicles and passenger cars), the aftermarket sales and servicing industry and the outsourcing of component manufacturing to India and China by the global titans to cut down on their cost of productivity and thereby laughing all the way to the banks. To improve upon the auto component industry in India, the need of the hour is to focus on its competitiveness, learn the best manufacturing practices, be quality conscious and at the same time inculcate a prompt delivery culture.

online business

2009-03-09T07:38:00.001-07:00

INDIA AUTOMATIVE

In the global market, the Indian automotive sector has carved a niche for itself. Major European and US automotive giants, such as BMW and Daimler Chrysler, are recognizing and giving due importance to the Indian vehicles and components. Increasing disposable incomes of the young professionals coupled with low EMI values are providing the required impetus and making these vehicles more affordable for the common masses. As the global players are largely investing on passenger vehicles, the Indian counterparts are trying very hard to be in the business by investing huge on R&D and working towards overall growth and efficiency. There has been detailed necessary measure to make India the world's manufacturing hub. Furthermore, the Ministry of Heavy Vehicles has come forward with its plan for the period of 2006-2016 which is expected to Revamp the automobile industry and increase its turnover by fourfold. This mission plan would take into its consideration all the sectors of the society while giving more importance to the lower sections in rural India.

In the recent past, more than a dozen multi-national firms have shown their interest to enter the Indian territories and collaborated in Indian car manufacturers. To buy car either used cars or new cars; car owners have a number of options. There are car dealers that have car rentals and sell a car. It helps potential buyers to search cars as per the car prices. While most of them have chosen to strike the right notes by forming joint ventures with the Indian firms, there are some like Hyundai and a few others which have decided to remain fully owned units.

Having an exponential growth potential, the Indian automotive industry is expected to witness more mergers between the auto component manufacturers and suppliers in the coming years. On the flip side, most of these new entrants might not enjoy the kind of relationship with suppliers and scale economies that Maruti does, so they have decided to keep aloof from waging a war with Maruti's $5,500 small car segment.

Rather they have shifted their focus on producing high end vehicles between the price ranges of $20,000 to $50,000. However, the toughest competition is expected to come from the mid-sized car segment (1300 cc and above), where many Indian and foreign automobile giants are planning to lock horns. Although the planned capacities of these companies exceed the projected demands and the cars are ranged competitively at nearly $12,000, the multinationals are surely betting on the growing disposable incomes of the Indian middle class.

For example, Daewoo's Cielo which is priced at $15000 and has been produced in association with DCM (an Indian firm), drew 76,000 advance bookings last year which is an indication of the growing demand that is taking its roots in the Indian automotive industry.

online business

2009-03-09T07:36:00.002-07:00

LML INDIA

LML, formerly known as Lohia Machines Private Limited, is India's leading manufacturers and has 30% of the market share. The company first started its technical collaboration with ARCT, France and got involved in synthetic Yarn Manufacturing Machines. LML became a public limited company in 1978. In 1984 LML started its scooter project after signing technical agreement with Piaggio of Italy. LML's joint venture with Piaggio ended in 1999. Soon after, an agreement was signed with Daelim Motor Company of South Korea to manufacture 4-stroke motorcycles.Indian Ministry of Science and Technology, recognized the company in 2000 for its remarkable success, in introducing new models of scooters in the market with more fuel-efficient engines, new electrical systems, latest emission norms, upgraded technology and better styling.

LML production is mainly in the metal body geared scooter with models like NV Xpress, Star Xpress, Select II, Pulse and the Sensation, which faced decline in 2006. The company in order to regain its supremacy in the automobile market, launched two-stroke metal body geared scooters, including two and four-stroke plastic bodied gearless scooters, both in geared and gearless versions. LML tied with Bitubo of Italy for components such as advanced front and rear suspension systems. LML’s new vehicles sported new features such as disc brakes, electric start, digital ignition and auto lube. LML made a comeback with 'Vespa' branded geared scooters and launched 1500ccc Vespa into the market, after a break of 14 months. Due to severe financial crunch LML, stopped its major production in Kanpur plant. Before this, LML had five motorcycle models in the domestic market, and used to sell around 1,000 units a month, in the national capital (Delhi). But LML soon bounced back and regained its position by exporting geared scooters abroad in the countries like Egypt, West Asia and Africa, besides Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Boosted by the robust domestic demand for scooters, LML is all set to gradually get into Punjab, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and then to West Bengal, Assam and few other states. LML, India's leading scooter manufacturers has been one of the fifth largest players in the motorcycle segment in India. Its future strategy to stronghold their position in the market includes, selling spare parts online, facilitate authorized dealers with a WAN (wide area network) and setting up training schools to train mechanics in Mumbai, Kanpur, Bangalore, Calcutta and Noida.

KINETIC MOTORS: Kinetic has launched

India

's first motoscooter in the form of Kinetic Blaze. Kinetic Blaze is a 165 cc scooter which seeks to revolutionize the diminishing scooter market in the country. The product is a first of the seven series of vehicles which Kinetic want to acquire from the Italian two wheeler giant Italjet Spa. However the beginning of the company has been much more modest.The company has revolutionized the concept of personalized transportation in

India

with the launch of Kinetic 'Luna' moped in 1972 thus ushering in the era of mopeds into the country. Kinetic has also brought to the fore superior technology to the scooters by introducing things like auto choke, auto fuel cork and TLAD suspension. It also brought in gearless scooters in the country. Kinetic Hondawas quite a rage among women who preferred the convenience and easy maneuverability of a gearless scooter than a geared one.

online business

2009-03-09T07:36:00.001-07:00

SUZUKI BIKES

Suzuki Motorcycles India Pvt. Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motors Corporation, Japan has been supplying the India bike market with some of the best models of bikes since more than a decade. Suzuki bikes have gained tremendous name and fame due to their excellent power, performance, fuel efficiency, and elegant style. For years many latest Suzuki bikes have been meeting he varied demands of the Indian bikers.

Suzuki India: The Heritage

Suzuki has a world-class operation facility in Gurgaon, Haryana. The 37 acre of Suzuki Empire has a state-of-the-art motorcycle engines assembling and machining plant, a spare parts administration unit, R&D center, and a center for training and development. The production facility as been delivering excellent Suzuki bikes, catering to the needs and demands of the bike lovers across the country.

Suzuki Heat

One of the most successful models of Suzuki India, The Suzuki Heat comes with two options, namely Heat Alloy and Heat Spoke. Suzuki Heat is basically a 125 cc engine bike designed to deliver superb fuel-economy, instant pickup, and smoother performance.

Suzuki Zeus

Suzuki Zeus is a four-stroke, 5-speed, air-cooled, OHC, self start bike that comes in three different options. You have the option your favorite Zeus from the following three models: Suzuki Zeus (Disc, Alloy, Self),Suzuki Zeus (Drum, Alloy, Self),Suzuki Zeus (Drum, Spoke, Self) Suzuki Zeus is an improved model of latest Suzuki bike that has every thing to give you the ultimate riding experience. Bikers across the country count on these new Suzuki Zeus models.

Suzuki GS150R

Suzuki GS150R is a completely new biking experience for all Indian biking freaks. This latest Suzuki bike is an improved design and engineering excellence from the stable of Suzuki. The new Suzuki GS150Ris an all new four-stroke, air-cooled, SOHC, 6-speed, CDI engine. This new Suzuki is available in four attractive colors, such as Candy Orange, Pearl Natural Black, Metallic Flint Grey, and Candy dark Greenish Blue. You will definitely love to embrace the new Suzuki GS150R.

Access 125Access 125 is a new time motor scooter from Suzuki that is not less than a bike. Access 125 is a scooter with excellent aerodynamic design, fuel-economy, and attractive design and fitted with a four-stroke, air-cooled, OHC, 25 cc engine, with the option of both self and kick start.

online business

2009-03-09T07:35:00.002-07:00

HERO HONDA
Started as a joint venture between India's famous Hero group and Japan's Honda Motor Company, Hero Honda since the day of its inception in 1980, has been ruling the India roads. You can roughly find more than 20 million Hero Honda bikes running on Indian roads today. With a range of state-of-the-art, efficient, powerful, and fuel efficient bikes Hero Honda lets Indian bikers experience a different biking craze. With its slogan saying 'Desh ki Dhadkan' Hero Honda has truly captured the Indian heart’s, minds, and soul. Few of the most popular Hero Honda bikes ruling the Indian roads and minds include;
Famous Hero Honda Bikes
Hero Honda CD-100, CD-100 SS, Hero Honda Splendor, Splendor+, Super Splendor, Splendor NXG, Hero Honda Passion, Passion +, Hero Honda Dawn, Hero Honda CD-Dawn. These models are have been meeting the expectations of the people of India for years.

Other famous models of Hero Honda bikes include; Hero Honda Street, Hero Honda CBZ, Hero Honda Sleek, Hero Honda Ambition, Hero Honda Karizma, Hero Honda Glamour, Hero Honda Achiever, and Hero Honda Hunk.
Hero Honda Splendor NXG
After the success of the Splendor and Splendor +, Hero Honda has come with the all new Hero Honda Splendor NXG. The new Splendor NXG is complete with all the performance and design specifications to touch the Indian hearts.
Hero Honda Karizma
With its new state-of-the-art technology, the new Hero Honda Karizma is all set to rush your adrenalin. The powerful engine of the bike can accelerate your pulses at the same time keeping you cool and ahead of the race.
Hero Honda Glamour
Hero Honda Glamour, one of the most efficient bikes from the manufacturer is really magnetic. It has the aura to attract your attention. Recently with many new additions, such as improved head lamps, digital speedometer, and improved engine to deliver improved fuel economy, Hero Honda Glamour is igniting the passion of Indian bikers.
Hero Honda Hunk
the recent to join the Hero Honda family id the all new Hero Honda Hunk. With a perfect masculine body, the new Hunk reveals about the power it delivers on the roads. Best in power, performance, and appearance, the new Hero Honda Hunk has created a rush behind it.

online business

2009-03-09T07:35:00.001-07:00

SCOOTERS IN INDIA

First the bad news the age old metal bodied geared scooters may be heading towards a timely death in the country in due course of time, then the silver lining, the age old set of two wheels could re-invent itself in the form of moto-scooters. These mean machines are taller, stronger and faster than their predecessors and can deliver a punch which would be as good as the motorcycles if not better. Kinetic Blaze by Kinetic motors is as attempt by the company to retain a market share in the scooter segment which is become a niche market with every passing day. These new set of wheels with their peppy performance is meant to draw the attention of the metro sexual two wheeler buyers. Kinetic Blaze was one of the seven designs the company had sourced from the legendary Italian two wheeler manufacturer ItalJet Moto. Kinetic Blaze is one of the biggest scooters to have traveled on the Indian roads. In terms of power it is only two Bhp less than the Bajaj Pulsar. Kinetic is pinning its hopes on this model to revive the sagging scooter market in this country.

Honda Scooters

Similarly HondaEterno from the stables of Hondascooters and motorcycles India has been instrumental in reviving the geared scooter market in India. Eterno has a four stroke engine to counter the problem of fuel efficiency which the scooters face. It also has the highest ground clearance in its class for a smooth riding.

Bajaj Auto: This has prompted the traditional manufacturers of scooters in this country bajaj auto to sit up and take notice. They have come up with Bajaj Wave DTSI which is stylish and are cheap scooters than any other expensive set of two wheels in the market.

Scooters have come a long way since it was first launched in India way back in 1975, for thirty odd years these metal bodied geared machines have ruled the roost on the Indian roads. The Indian Government bought the Innocenti Company of Italy the original owners of Lambretta brand of scooters to set up scooters India limited. The first scooter to have rolled out of the company was called the Vijai Super. In the same year it launched the Lambretta brand of scooters for the overseas market.

During almost the same time another phenomenon was hitting the Indian two wheeler market, in the year 1959 Bajaj Auto had already acquired license from the Government of India to manufacture two and three wheelers in the country. It took Bajaj a little over a decade to launch its' most successful model Chetak named after the horse of a legendary Rajput ruler. Not to be left behind the Lohia Machinery Limited or LML as it is popularly known had changed the face of scooters in India with its collaboration with Piaggio of Italy. However the dream run of these metal bodied scooters have been stalled by theirs more illustrious cousins the motorcycles. Bajaj Auto tried to do some damage control and wean away customers from the motorcycle segment by launching the four stroke legend which offered a bike like mileage of about 60-70 kmpl. But with Bajaj officially stopping productions this year the only way for scooters to survive would be to go towards the Kinetic Blaze and HondaDio way.

online business

2009-03-09T07:34:00.004-07:00

HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES

Exports of Commercial vehicles are in full swing at the present moment. And to add fuel to recent growth in this sector, the Indian automobile companies have decided to extend their manufacturing capabilities along with their international counterparts. Hence, the recent boom in the Exports of Commercial Vehicles division is due to the newly improved network and infrastructure. The attractive financial packages that are being offered along with the improved infrastructure are an added advantage for the industry. The recent growth of the Indian economy and the upward trend of the Indian market is a very healthy signal for the export division.However, a lot depends on the budget and its implications on the exports market. Thus making it very important for the key players of the Indian economy to take correct decision for its betterment.

It has always been noticed that the passenger car industry gets more recognition and focus in comparison to the Commercial Vehicle industry. However, going by the statistics we find that there has been a phenomenal growth in the sales of the Commercial Vehicles since 1998. The total sales of M&H Commercial Vehicles were 15,906 units in 2000 in comparison to the 12,949 units in 1998. In the same way, the total sales of Light Commercial Vehicles in 2000 were 8,642 units in comparison to 6,931 units in 1998. Even in the Multi Utility Vehicle Segment the sales have gone up from 13,400 units in 1998 to 17,194 units in 2000.This transformation in the Commercial Vehicle industry came into effect from the mid 1990's. Earlier, the scenario was not stable at all, as there were only a few local companies dealing in this particular sector. However, as soon as the concept of globalization was introduced in

India

, this particular sector gained speed with the MNC's making Foreign Direct Investment in as early as 2002. Thus, making

India

a perfect destination for global outsourcing. This is mainly due to the cost effective environment and the technologically skilled personnel found here. The condition of the industry, the willingness of the country to invest and the skilled labor are the other few reasons behind the specified sector to flourish.

According to the Economic Survey of Indian Government, the automobile Industry has made a 15% growth in general and in particular the Commercial Vehicle sector made a growth of about 10%. The number of automobile manufacturing facilities in

India

has grown to nine for Commercial Vehicles as well. The Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs) grew by more than 19% during 2005-06 as compared to 2004-05. Though there has been a thrust in the domestic market, yet the export potential of the country has not been properly exploited yet. It's still an untapped market. Although some amount of progress is being made. However, Export of Commercial Vehicles increased by 36% to 40,581 units in the 2005-06 as compared to 2004-05.

India

is also the largest Tractor Manufacturing country in the world. It has produced 270,000 units in 2005-06.According to the Commercial Vehicle Manufacturers of India, the growth in the recent past has been around 20 percent, and they predict that there will be phenomenal growth in this sector in the recent future. Their projection for the future is around 22 percent.

Almost all the Indian manufacturers are focusing their attention on South Asia, Middle East and Africa as potential markets for the finished products. The reason being, the demographic similarity between the manufacturing country and the potential markets